Hypermiling (Saving Lots of Fuel) in a Hybrid

Hypermiling is an endless pursuit--the quest for improved fuel economy, ratcheted up a couple of notches to near fanaticism. Those who practice it are called hypermilers, a dedicated group of guys and gals who routinely push the limits of maximum fuel efficiency. It got its name from the likes of Wayne Gerdes, one of the original devotees of hypermiling, and often proclaimed the inventor of the term. Hypermiling more or less got its start with hybrids, but its not limited to them. Here, well focus on hypermiling with a hybrid vehicle. Some of the techniques can only be done with a hybrid, or, at least they make it much easier and safer--though some hardcore hypermilers perform ALL of these techniques in regular cars. We dont recommend that, but really, a lot of it is just plain common sense that can be applied to just about any vehicle and/or driver. So what are these techniques and tools that are employed so passionately by their devotees? Read on for an explanation of these FE (thats hypermileresque for Fuel Economy) tricks. Pulse and Glide (PG) This is the heart of effective hypermiling for full hybrid vehicles. Though it takes some getting used to, and its really only appropriate for light suburban and town traffic, large FE gains can be had using it. Our first successful PG was in a Nissan Altima Hybrid. This car is equipped with Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive (Nissan licensed it from Toyota), but our car was lacking an energy flow monitor, so we had to rely on the EV mode display and the Kilowatt (kW) meter to execute the task properly. To initiate a PG, accelerate to about 40 MPH with the engine running (the pulse part), then ease off the pedal until the hybrid system goes into EV (electric vehicle) mode and the kW meter shows zero (or if equipped with the energy flow monitor, no arrows are showing energy flow). This is the glide part. The engine is off, the electric motor is disengaged and the vehicle is literally coasting for free. When the car slows to about twenty-five or thirty MPH (depending on traffic conditions, of course) repeat the pulse part, then the glide and so on. If properly applied, this trick uses the engine only to accelerate, and it never has the chance to idle along, wasting fuel while providing no return. Forced Auto Stop (FAS) Forced Auto Stop is similar to PG without the objective of re-accelerating. In a hybrid, it is usually a matter of lifting the accelerator below a speed of approximately 40 MPH and letting the engine shut-off. This allows the car to coast to a slower speed, or come to a complete stop without the engine running. However, many conditions can affect FAS (adequate battery state of charge, hybrid system temperature, engagement of AC compressor, cabin heat, etc.) and are not always so simple. Depending upon the hardware and software controls of the hybrid system, there are ways to fool the system into FAS. Unfortunately, they are many and varied, and beyond the scope of this article. Draft Assisted Forced Auto Stop (D-FAS) This technique involves riding in the wake of a large trailer truck at highway speeds (in FAS). Its not safe, DONT DO IT. We only mention it here because it is part of some hypermilers arsenal of tricks. Driving Without Brakes (DWB) More hypermilers tongue-in-cheek terminology. We like to think of this as driving with minimal brakes, but it must be done with a good dose of common sense--its really not a good idea to take a 25 MPH curve at 50 trying to save gas. The main idea here is to not use the brakes to scrub off speed that has been achieved with energy (gasoline) spent. Anticipation is the keyword. Look far down the road to anticipate traffic stoppages, sharp curves, and signal changes and begin to decelerate or coast beforehand. The benefit is three-fold: Not only does DWB increase brake life, it reduces the number of times the vehicle must be started from a dead-stop (overcoming the inertia of a stationary vehicle consumes an enormous amount of energy), and, with a hybrid, the coasting action (regenerative braking) helps charge the battery. Ridge Riding This is the practice of driving very close to the outside edge of the road in order to keep the vehicles tires out of the slight depressions (ruts) worn into the road surface by the constant pounding of daily traffic. For most purposes, this technique is really only effective on wet roadways. Staying out of the ruts, which are filled with a thin layer of water, reduces drag on the tires and increases efficiency. An additional benefit is improved safety by preventing the tires from hydroplaning (riding on top of the water) and loss of vehicle control. Face out Potential Parking This is just plain common sense with a little bit of exercise, to boot. Search out open spaces in parking lots to eliminate the wasteful movement of backing out of a slot. Go one better by locating a spot that is on a bit of a slope, and then use gravity to help get the vehicle moving from a standstill. Sound silly? Multiply those effects over hundreds of park jobs in a year; it really does add up. Fuel Consumption Display (FCD) This is the gauge on the instrument panel of hybrids and many non-hybrids as well. Dedicated hypermilers call this the game gauge, and in many ways, thats just what it is. This device continuously calculates a vehicles average fuel consumption expressed in MPG (or, in metric mode, kilometers/liter) and displays it to the driver who can then make a fantastic game of making the average FE go ever upwards. Instant Fuel Consumption Display (IFCD) The instant fuel consumption display is very similar to the FCD, except that it displays fuel usage, just as the name implies--instantly--as it is used. The display changes moment by moment in response to sundry dynamic physical conditions: throttle off, light acceleration, heavy load, hard acceleration, coasting and cruising. This gauge, more than any other on a vehicle, hammers home the relationship between fuel economy and driving habits. Keeping the instant fuel consumption display relatively constant and even, with a high reading, will probably net more consistent (and easily attainable) FE than any trick or gadget outlined in this entire article.

The Effects Of A Developmental Boot Camp - 1595 Words

This research study examines the effects of a developmental â€Å"boot-camp† on the standardized placement test scores of students enrolling in a community college. A developmental boot-camp is described as an online learning environment in which participants work at their own pace to refresh and enhance their skills in math, English, and writing in order to increase their placement scores and possibly place out of developmental community college classes. A community college in North Carolina implemented a developmental tutoring course in an attempt to raise placement test scores and place students into college-level courses (Hill, 2012, p. 2). The researcher proposed two research questions, each with multiple hypothesis. First, Heather Hill wanted to assess the effect of the developmental boot camp on the students’ performance on the ASSET placement test. She hypothesized that students completing the developmental math numerical boot camp would score significantly higher on the ASSET placement test than those who did not complete the developmental math numerical boot camp; the students would score significantly higher on the ASSET placement test than those students not completing the developmental math algebra boot camp; and those completing the developmental English boot camp would score higher on the ASSET placement test than those who did not complete the developmental English boot camp (3-4). The second research question focused on the effect of the developmentalShow MoreRelatedIndividuals Benefit From The Structure Of Work Such As1631 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization that focuses on social and economic research, reports that job loss and an individual’s response to it, affect th eir ability to cope with the experience and find another job (The Urban Institute, 2013). 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Self Awareness

Question: Describe about the Self Awareness? Answer: Self- Awareness One of the essential parts of being self-aware is emotional intelligence. Being aware is being able to feel as well as think. Self-awareness has the capability to improve ones self, and also improve the effectiveness of the work that one does. Another element of being self aware is that it improves the capability to foresee ones own behavior. This skill of self awareness is essential as it comes in significant need during emotion-laden or tense situations. With the help of self awareness, any person can gain a good control over their actions and also would also be better prepared of what needs to be done in accordance to the needs of the situation. The author in this article depicts a number of examples to show how self-awareness is important in our daily lives. In order to gain success in self-awareness exercises it is primarily important to gain clarity over the exercises since it would be the initial step to proceed towards self awareness. In the case study of the clueless system analyst the author shows how Elizabeth was unable to analyse Rajues personality and that is self-awareness could be improved by her monitoring and counseling skills. In another case study regarding Colin, the author showed that since the person had the self awareness to understand his feelings and also the ability to understand the effect of his behavior on others, the results were positive. Hence the author in this article states that in order to gain self awareness it is important to be aware of ones feelings and also practice the behavioral conditions.

Frankenstein And Critique Of Education Essay Example For Students

Frankenstein And Critique Of Education Essay Mary Shellys Frankenstein focuses on human nature and on the possibility ofcontrolling experience in order to shape character and cultural values. Specifically, it focuses on the influence of education and experience ineffecting behavior. In general, the characters are divided in to three groups byeducation and experience: passive rescued women, ambitious bourgeoisie men, andthe self-taught lonesome creature. Through the female character group, MaryShelly illustrates how the combination of education and experience shapeattitudes and behaviors of women to be passive objects, which leads to theirdemise. Mary Shelly spends the least time describing the education of women,repeating one version of female upbringing. The lack of time devoted to femalecharacters in general is not a blatant disregard of women; rather, it istestimony to the limited role women exercised in public sphere of society. Caroline Beaufort is the model of virtuous femininity rescued from poverty tobourgeois passivity. Caroline, the daughter of a proud, failed businessman,follows her father into self-imposed exile to avoid the humiliation of failurewhere he falls into a terrible sickness of humiliation. Completely dedicated toher father, Caroline attended him with the greatest tenderness; but she sawwith despair that their little fund was rapidly decreasing (Shelly 32)Luckily Caroline possessed a mind of uncommon mould; and her courage rose tosupport her in her adversity and by various means contrived to earn apittance scarcely sufficient to support life (Shelly 32). She not only caresfor him during his pathetic free fall from life, but she also actively procuredwork and single-handedly supported herself and her father. It is obvious thathas Caroline possesses the skills and tenacity to support not only herself, buther father as well. However, when her fathers falls victim to death sheimmediately trans forms from a caring, productive women to an orphan andbeggar (Shelly 32). There is nothing to note any changes in the attitude oractions of Caroline to warrant such a change. Rather, the change is a directresult of the death of her father. Despite the fact that Caroline possessed theability to provide for herself, her description and social status remained tiedto her father. Even though women had the ability to act as free agents insociety, their description, status was invariably tied to a male. Luckily, forCaroline, an associate of her fathers rescued her from her sudden sociallyimposed poverty. While mourning her fathers death, Alphonse Frankensteincame like a protecting spirit to the poor girl, who committed herself to hiscare (Shelly 32). Caroline translates her gratitude of being saved from atough mans world into lifelong subservience. She immediately transfers herselfless dedication from one man, her father, to another, her new husbandAlpohnse Frankenstein demonstrating the f emales artificial dependence on men. Saved to the feminine life of passive servitude, Caroline similarly rescuesother girls from poverty and educates them in the virtues of bourgeoisdomesticity. Thus, she finds Elizabeth, whose seemingly innate, upper classfeminine virtue makes her shine amid a family of dark-eyed, hardy littlevagrants (Shelly 34). Upon being rescued, Caroline presented Elizabeth toVictor as her promised gift (Shelly 34). Immediately following herintroduction to bourgeois life, Elizabeth is transformed to possession of amale. Once in the Frankenstein household, Elizabeth learned to be the livingspirit of love to soften and attract (Shelly 38). Once under proper middleclass guidance, Elizabeth becomes the ideal female by providing comfort andsupport while becoming dependent on male energy and male provision. Thus, likeher foster mother, she is the perfect domestic woman: daughter, sister, friend,and wife-to-be. Justine Moritz, a poor girl is also saved from her tyrant,exploitive mother by Caroline. Once introduced to the bourgeois Frankensteinfamily Justine trained to be a servant. Just like Caroline and Elizabeth beforeher, Justine quickly learns the female role of serving others. Undoubtedlythankful for Caroline saving her from her tyrannical mother, Justine idealizedher and considered her to be the model of all excellence, and endeavored toimitate her phraseology and manners (Shelly 65). Evidently, Justine attemptedto emulate Carolines middle class virtues making her equally passive andobedient. Justine, along with Caroline and Elizabeth, are manifestations of howwomen fulfill and are fulfilled by their servitude dominated domestic lives. .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .postImageUrl , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:hover , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:visited , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:active { border:0!important; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:active , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Folk vs rock EssayWomen once guided into what Mary Shellys mother Mary Wollstonecraft describesas gentleness, docility, and a spaniel-like affection, are less agentsthen they are objects acted upon (6) . This theme is evident by the early deathsof Caroline, Justine, and Elizabeth,