Hypermiling (Saving Lots of Fuel) in a Hybrid

Hypermiling is an endless pursuit--the quest for improved fuel economy, ratcheted up a couple of notches to near fanaticism. Those who practice it are called hypermilers, a dedicated group of guys and gals who routinely push the limits of maximum fuel efficiency. It got its name from the likes of Wayne Gerdes, one of the original devotees of hypermiling, and often proclaimed the inventor of the term. Hypermiling more or less got its start with hybrids, but its not limited to them. Here, well focus on hypermiling with a hybrid vehicle. Some of the techniques can only be done with a hybrid, or, at least they make it much easier and safer--though some hardcore hypermilers perform ALL of these techniques in regular cars. We dont recommend that, but really, a lot of it is just plain common sense that can be applied to just about any vehicle and/or driver. So what are these techniques and tools that are employed so passionately by their devotees? Read on for an explanation of these FE (thats hypermileresque for Fuel Economy) tricks. Pulse and Glide (PG) This is the heart of effective hypermiling for full hybrid vehicles. Though it takes some getting used to, and its really only appropriate for light suburban and town traffic, large FE gains can be had using it. Our first successful PG was in a Nissan Altima Hybrid. This car is equipped with Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive (Nissan licensed it from Toyota), but our car was lacking an energy flow monitor, so we had to rely on the EV mode display and the Kilowatt (kW) meter to execute the task properly. To initiate a PG, accelerate to about 40 MPH with the engine running (the pulse part), then ease off the pedal until the hybrid system goes into EV (electric vehicle) mode and the kW meter shows zero (or if equipped with the energy flow monitor, no arrows are showing energy flow). This is the glide part. The engine is off, the electric motor is disengaged and the vehicle is literally coasting for free. When the car slows to about twenty-five or thirty MPH (depending on traffic conditions, of course) repeat the pulse part, then the glide and so on. If properly applied, this trick uses the engine only to accelerate, and it never has the chance to idle along, wasting fuel while providing no return. Forced Auto Stop (FAS) Forced Auto Stop is similar to PG without the objective of re-accelerating. In a hybrid, it is usually a matter of lifting the accelerator below a speed of approximately 40 MPH and letting the engine shut-off. This allows the car to coast to a slower speed, or come to a complete stop without the engine running. However, many conditions can affect FAS (adequate battery state of charge, hybrid system temperature, engagement of AC compressor, cabin heat, etc.) and are not always so simple. Depending upon the hardware and software controls of the hybrid system, there are ways to fool the system into FAS. Unfortunately, they are many and varied, and beyond the scope of this article. Draft Assisted Forced Auto Stop (D-FAS) This technique involves riding in the wake of a large trailer truck at highway speeds (in FAS). Its not safe, DONT DO IT. We only mention it here because it is part of some hypermilers arsenal of tricks. Driving Without Brakes (DWB) More hypermilers tongue-in-cheek terminology. We like to think of this as driving with minimal brakes, but it must be done with a good dose of common sense--its really not a good idea to take a 25 MPH curve at 50 trying to save gas. The main idea here is to not use the brakes to scrub off speed that has been achieved with energy (gasoline) spent. Anticipation is the keyword. Look far down the road to anticipate traffic stoppages, sharp curves, and signal changes and begin to decelerate or coast beforehand. The benefit is three-fold: Not only does DWB increase brake life, it reduces the number of times the vehicle must be started from a dead-stop (overcoming the inertia of a stationary vehicle consumes an enormous amount of energy), and, with a hybrid, the coasting action (regenerative braking) helps charge the battery. Ridge Riding This is the practice of driving very close to the outside edge of the road in order to keep the vehicles tires out of the slight depressions (ruts) worn into the road surface by the constant pounding of daily traffic. For most purposes, this technique is really only effective on wet roadways. Staying out of the ruts, which are filled with a thin layer of water, reduces drag on the tires and increases efficiency. An additional benefit is improved safety by preventing the tires from hydroplaning (riding on top of the water) and loss of vehicle control. Face out Potential Parking This is just plain common sense with a little bit of exercise, to boot. Search out open spaces in parking lots to eliminate the wasteful movement of backing out of a slot. Go one better by locating a spot that is on a bit of a slope, and then use gravity to help get the vehicle moving from a standstill. Sound silly? Multiply those effects over hundreds of park jobs in a year; it really does add up. Fuel Consumption Display (FCD) This is the gauge on the instrument panel of hybrids and many non-hybrids as well. Dedicated hypermilers call this the game gauge, and in many ways, thats just what it is. This device continuously calculates a vehicles average fuel consumption expressed in MPG (or, in metric mode, kilometers/liter) and displays it to the driver who can then make a fantastic game of making the average FE go ever upwards. Instant Fuel Consumption Display (IFCD) The instant fuel consumption display is very similar to the FCD, except that it displays fuel usage, just as the name implies--instantly--as it is used. The display changes moment by moment in response to sundry dynamic physical conditions: throttle off, light acceleration, heavy load, hard acceleration, coasting and cruising. This gauge, more than any other on a vehicle, hammers home the relationship between fuel economy and driving habits. Keeping the instant fuel consumption display relatively constant and even, with a high reading, will probably net more consistent (and easily attainable) FE than any trick or gadget outlined in this entire article.

The Effects Of A Developmental Boot Camp - 1595 Words

This research study examines the effects of a developmental â€Å"boot-camp† on the standardized placement test scores of students enrolling in a community college. A developmental boot-camp is described as an online learning environment in which participants work at their own pace to refresh and enhance their skills in math, English, and writing in order to increase their placement scores and possibly place out of developmental community college classes. A community college in North Carolina implemented a developmental tutoring course in an attempt to raise placement test scores and place students into college-level courses (Hill, 2012, p. 2). The researcher proposed two research questions, each with multiple hypothesis. First, Heather Hill wanted to assess the effect of the developmental boot camp on the students’ performance on the ASSET placement test. She hypothesized that students completing the developmental math numerical boot camp would score significantly higher on the ASSET placement test than those who did not complete the developmental math numerical boot camp; the students would score significantly higher on the ASSET placement test than those students not completing the developmental math algebra boot camp; and those completing the developmental English boot camp would score higher on the ASSET placement test than those who did not complete the developmental English boot camp (3-4). The second research question focused on the effect of the developmentalShow MoreRelatedIndividuals Benefit From The Structure Of Work Such As1631 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization that focuses on social and economic research, reports that job loss and an individual’s response to it, affect th eir ability to cope with the experience and find another job (The Urban Institute, 2013). Acknowledging that job loss is a traumatic effect in one s life and influences their ability to receive another job, symbolizes that unemployed individuals will have a difficult time managing their mental health and job acquirement. Apart from difficulty managing mental health and job managementRead MoreEffects Of Parental Neglect On Children From Ages 8-131199 Words   |  5 Pagesissues. There are many different things that can be the cause of aggression in children. Those things include being abused by parents, being sexually abused, and being bullied at school, to name a few. The focus of this paper is parental abuse and its effect on the child, more specifically can it make a child violent? According to brainsontrial.com, â€Å"Some kids will become violent as adolescents. Many have a very short fuse, and explode over the smallest thing. 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He is a leader whoRead MoreEssay Prison As A Last Resort20 54 Words   |  9 PagesMcLaughlin 2002). To support the policy there are different types of options that can be used instead of prison these can include boot camps, electric monitoring, intensive supervision probation, day centres, periodic detention and harsher alternatives include the following community service, community based order and fine option (White Perrone 2005). Boot camps are a short period of incarceration with the hope of presenting the offender with a strong message and would be followed up by intensiveRead MoreEffects of Juveniles Prosecuted as an Adult Essay2500 Words   |  10 Pagesto Marcovitz. James Alan Fox, professor of criminal justice at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts commented that teenagers may look like, act like and even shoot like adults, but they think like children. The death penalty’s deterrent effect, if any, surely vanishes for adolescents, who tend not to consider consequences. 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The state juvenile corrections systems in the U.S. detain youth in several different types of facilities such as, group homes, residential treatment centers, wilderness programs, boot camps, country-run youth facilities, and some of these are locked or secured through staff. Richard Mendel stated (2012), â€Å"The latest official national count of youth in correctional custody, conducted in 2010, found that roughly 48,000 U.S. youth wereRead MorePersuasive Essay On Superpredators1769 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst wanted to know what a superpredator really meant and who they were. So, my research began. To start, I looked at Hopeless or Happening: Preventing Youth Violence, I discovered the term is split up into two sectors: early-onset and late-onset developmental paths. When a child is exposed to violence before puberty, it is known as early-onset; after puberty, is known as late-onset. There is what is known as risk factors that determine when a child will become violent: traits of the individual, family

Self Awareness

Question: Describe about the Self Awareness? Answer: Self- Awareness One of the essential parts of being self-aware is emotional intelligence. Being aware is being able to feel as well as think. Self-awareness has the capability to improve ones self, and also improve the effectiveness of the work that one does. Another element of being self aware is that it improves the capability to foresee ones own behavior. This skill of self awareness is essential as it comes in significant need during emotion-laden or tense situations. With the help of self awareness, any person can gain a good control over their actions and also would also be better prepared of what needs to be done in accordance to the needs of the situation. The author in this article depicts a number of examples to show how self-awareness is important in our daily lives. In order to gain success in self-awareness exercises it is primarily important to gain clarity over the exercises since it would be the initial step to proceed towards self awareness. In the case study of the clueless system analyst the author shows how Elizabeth was unable to analyse Rajues personality and that is self-awareness could be improved by her monitoring and counseling skills. In another case study regarding Colin, the author showed that since the person had the self awareness to understand his feelings and also the ability to understand the effect of his behavior on others, the results were positive. Hence the author in this article states that in order to gain self awareness it is important to be aware of ones feelings and also practice the behavioral conditions.

Frankenstein And Critique Of Education Essay Example For Students

Frankenstein And Critique Of Education Essay Mary Shellys Frankenstein focuses on human nature and on the possibility ofcontrolling experience in order to shape character and cultural values. Specifically, it focuses on the influence of education and experience ineffecting behavior. In general, the characters are divided in to three groups byeducation and experience: passive rescued women, ambitious bourgeoisie men, andthe self-taught lonesome creature. Through the female character group, MaryShelly illustrates how the combination of education and experience shapeattitudes and behaviors of women to be passive objects, which leads to theirdemise. Mary Shelly spends the least time describing the education of women,repeating one version of female upbringing. The lack of time devoted to femalecharacters in general is not a blatant disregard of women; rather, it istestimony to the limited role women exercised in public sphere of society. Caroline Beaufort is the model of virtuous femininity rescued from poverty tobourgeois passivity. Caroline, the daughter of a proud, failed businessman,follows her father into self-imposed exile to avoid the humiliation of failurewhere he falls into a terrible sickness of humiliation. Completely dedicated toher father, Caroline attended him with the greatest tenderness; but she sawwith despair that their little fund was rapidly decreasing (Shelly 32)Luckily Caroline possessed a mind of uncommon mould; and her courage rose tosupport her in her adversity and by various means contrived to earn apittance scarcely sufficient to support life (Shelly 32). She not only caresfor him during his pathetic free fall from life, but she also actively procuredwork and single-handedly supported herself and her father. It is obvious thathas Caroline possesses the skills and tenacity to support not only herself, buther father as well. However, when her fathers falls victim to death sheimmediately trans forms from a caring, productive women to an orphan andbeggar (Shelly 32). There is nothing to note any changes in the attitude oractions of Caroline to warrant such a change. Rather, the change is a directresult of the death of her father. Despite the fact that Caroline possessed theability to provide for herself, her description and social status remained tiedto her father. Even though women had the ability to act as free agents insociety, their description, status was invariably tied to a male. Luckily, forCaroline, an associate of her fathers rescued her from her sudden sociallyimposed poverty. While mourning her fathers death, Alphonse Frankensteincame like a protecting spirit to the poor girl, who committed herself to hiscare (Shelly 32). Caroline translates her gratitude of being saved from atough mans world into lifelong subservience. She immediately transfers herselfless dedication from one man, her father, to another, her new husbandAlpohnse Frankenstein demonstrating the f emales artificial dependence on men. Saved to the feminine life of passive servitude, Caroline similarly rescuesother girls from poverty and educates them in the virtues of bourgeoisdomesticity. Thus, she finds Elizabeth, whose seemingly innate, upper classfeminine virtue makes her shine amid a family of dark-eyed, hardy littlevagrants (Shelly 34). Upon being rescued, Caroline presented Elizabeth toVictor as her promised gift (Shelly 34). Immediately following herintroduction to bourgeois life, Elizabeth is transformed to possession of amale. Once in the Frankenstein household, Elizabeth learned to be the livingspirit of love to soften and attract (Shelly 38). Once under proper middleclass guidance, Elizabeth becomes the ideal female by providing comfort andsupport while becoming dependent on male energy and male provision. Thus, likeher foster mother, she is the perfect domestic woman: daughter, sister, friend,and wife-to-be. Justine Moritz, a poor girl is also saved from her tyrant,exploitive mother by Caroline. Once introduced to the bourgeois Frankensteinfamily Justine trained to be a servant. Just like Caroline and Elizabeth beforeher, Justine quickly learns the female role of serving others. Undoubtedlythankful for Caroline saving her from her tyrannical mother, Justine idealizedher and considered her to be the model of all excellence, and endeavored toimitate her phraseology and manners (Shelly 65). Evidently, Justine attemptedto emulate Carolines middle class virtues making her equally passive andobedient. Justine, along with Caroline and Elizabeth, are manifestations of howwomen fulfill and are fulfilled by their servitude dominated domestic lives. .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .postImageUrl , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:hover , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:visited , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:active { border:0!important; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:active , .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uacfffd1920f0b793ece1d5b27f4c348d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Folk vs rock EssayWomen once guided into what Mary Shellys mother Mary Wollstonecraft describesas gentleness, docility, and a spaniel-like affection, are less agentsthen they are objects acted upon (6) . This theme is evident by the early deathsof Caroline, Justine, and Elizabeth,

Management Risks Identifying and Their Analysis

Introduction Risk Management involves a systematic way of context establishment, identification, analysis, monitoring as well as communication of any risks that could be associated with processes, functions or activities. It minimizes an organization’s losses while at the same time maximizing its opportunities. It helps in identifying opportunities and mitigating the losses. In event management, each part has its own potential risks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management: Risks Identifying and Their Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to manage any event effectively, risk management is necessary. There seems to be an increase in the number of events being carried out around the world and governments and other stakeholders are taking it upon themselves to adopt the appropriate risk management measures. Early preparations and putting the necessary risk management measures in advance seem s to be a signifier of competence and professionalism while inadequate preparation is a sign of incompetence (Aaker 1987, p. 44). With the increase in the size and number of events across the globe, risks have equally increased and they have even become more complex. Any shortfall at an event is usually captured immediately by the media and it could result to a negative public image Risks and Consequences Risks Identified and Their Analysis In the case study of the Battle of Trafalgar’s anniversary, there are several risks which the event was prone to. The anniversary was prone to administration risks given that there were various stakeholders involved in the preparation of the event. There were different contracts taken and various goods were supposed to be purchased for the anniversary and different services needed to be hired. All these implied that contracts were to be secured on time, goods, and other facilities bought at the right time and using the right procedures. Li censes and permits for instance had to be secured in time. They play a big role in accountability and transparency. The relevant authorities were supposed to be informed and permission for the event granted. They also help to minimize fraud and hence saving the management the losses that would occur. Service providers, the suppliers and other participants were supposed to carry out their activities in a particular way. Control measures were elaborate with the suppliers and other participants being required to go through all the required procedures. The other risks would come from the Public relation/marketing sector. It is common for the promoters of such an event to ignore the consequences of their promotional activities and just focus on optimism. This would be dangerous as they might not take the appropriate risk management measures and the effects might be catastrophic.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was therefore a need to control the marketing and promotional activities balance between the promotion and the potential risks associated with it. It might also occur that a lot of funds might me channeled towards promotional activities hence causing budget deficits. Over promotion and marketing of the event would most likely have resulted to excessive attendance as more people were likely to attend than actually budgeted for and the end result would be a strained budget hence leading to budget deficits. The event was supposed to be celebrated with a difference as other nations were involved as well. The implication for this was that the number of attendants was supposed to increase. This would mean that the budget for the event needed to be raised. The other risk that the event was prone to is that relating to the health and safety. This requires extra attention in the risk management process. The risk management strategy in this case involves plans to prevent loss and take the appropriate safety control measures. The hygiene of the venue for the anniversary was supposed to be improved given that the event was supposed to have so many participants. Health induction measures were supposed to be taught to the workers and suppliers who would otherwise run their own activities without any formal instructions from other practitioners (Barton 1988). The anniversary was meant to involve several events on land, sea and the air, by the military. The appropriate mechanisms were therefore supposed to be adapted to ensure the safety of those participating in these events as well as the spectators. The event was also involving vessels that were nuclear powered. Safety measures this would pose very serious health risk in the case of a leakage of nuclear emissions from such vessels or even in the event of an accidental explosion. This therefore meant that the appropriate safety measures were supposed to be adopted and the relevant prac titioners involved while dealing with such an emergency. The event was also prone to security risks. An effective risk management strategy was supposed to be employed so as to ensure that the place is secured. Among the invited were dignitaries from the close allies of the country with Queen Elizabeth II as the guest of honor. This meant that the security risks would be higher. Appropriate security measures were therefore supposed to be adopted. On-the-ground safety officers proved to be of a great importance in such a case. The ceremony was supposed to commemorate those who died in the battle with very symbolic representations. There was a likelihood of such an event being prone to confusion due to the multiple tasks and activities that were going to take place.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management: Risks Identifying and Their Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implied that the activities wer e supposed to be appropriately structured and ensure that there is order in every part of the ceremony with every activity allocated its own time (Abbey 1983). Given that the many people were expected to attend the ceremony with several dignitaries as well, the venue was supposed to be chosen carefully in order to carter for the many attendants. The standard of the venue was also not supposed to be compromised. The event was supposed to pose several logistical coupled with planning challenges. Controlling the large crowds was not going to be anything easy. Vessels were to be transported from various places to the venue of the event and anchored safely and securely at the same time. This would be an expensive endeavor. The weather would easily inconvenience such an event. Appropriate measures would therefore be needed so as to tackle any climatic challenges. In the event of rain for instance, provisional shelters would be needed. Provisional or extra toilets would also be required so as to carter for the multitude of attendants. Importance of the human side of risk management Risk management is very important due to various reasons. The planning and the hardworking that is channeled towards risk management are never in vain. The planning makes it possible for a variety of events to be carried out in a systematic manner and this leads to the satisfaction of the public as well as the guests as it was in the case of the battle anniversary. It also results in maximum attendance of those invited and other participants, given the fact that the event is marketed appropriately. Appropriate risk management also results in the strengthening of relationships and making of new ones. In the case study of the anniversary of the Trafalgar battle for instance, Britain invited representatives of its allies and other nations as well, some of which were its former foes like Spain and France. Human Side of Risk Management is also vital in boosting an organization’s, countri es or the event manager’s image due to the high media profile of that particular event. A successful event is usually perceived as a sign of professionalism. Different stakeholders are in a position to achieve their intended personal objectives and each stakeholder will tend to be satisfied with the outcomes as it was in the case of the anniversary (Carlson 1999, p. 55). In the case of a country, a success in an event may boost the country’s profile and this would result in increased tourism within that region and hence earning the country the much desired foreign exchange.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This kind of Risk management also minimizes incidences of risks accidents or injuries. The relevant medical practitioners are consulted and if possible invited so as to deal with any incidences of injuries or accidents during the event. First Aid equipment may also be availed so as to deal with injuries and accidents before the appropriate medical assistance is given to the victims. Risk management during the anniversary for instance helped in preventing major casualties. It reduces the strain that could be directed towards the health and emergency services within that area. The cost of the health and emergency services is usually included in the event’s budget hence no need to strain local facilities that may even not be in a position to carter for all the people in the event of an extensive disaster. This was the case during the preparation for the event. It ensures that safety is considered right before the event hence saving money, resources, time and it also saves people from grief as appropriate measures are taken in advance so as to deal with any potential issue that could emerge. Through risk management, the appropriate safety coordinator is appointed depending on the size of the event (Cataldo 2003, p. 43). He/she is the one that spearheads the safety agenda, the bigger the event, the greater the need to have more specialized personnel. Risk management helps in eliminating the stressful and expensive last minute rush by helping the people to plan ahead. This kind of Risk Management also helps in vetting the service providers and it helps in downsizing the workforce yet ensuring that the quality of the desired results is not compromised. In the case of the T200 anniversary for instance, the specialist’s activities had to be coordinated, various specialists were needed although their activities were supposed to be filtered and also coordinated. The contractors were vetted, their taskforce downsized and their activities closely monitored. T his help in the efficiency. The risk management helps in ensuring extensive consultation with the stake holders. The relevant civil authorities are consulted within time and hence help in the identification of shared objectives through effective communication. The process also helps in developing a robust command structure which enhances effective communication and hence the capability to link up with other sources of help from the outside. With a good command structure, the decision making process usually becomes simplified (Davila 2004, p. 200). It helps in ensuring that the relevant staff is involved at all levels hence ensuring effectiveness and efficiency (Nutt 1986). It helps to ensure that all the possible risks are put into consideration without concentrating on bigger ones and ignoring the smaller ones which are even more likely to happen than the bigger risks. Other Risks and Their Effect to the Safety The administrative, marketing and financial areas were also prone to ce rtain risks that could easily trickle into the safety of the event a good example being fraud. Given that the whole process involved various stakeholders, issues of fraud could be eminent in the whole process. Some of those put in leadership and supervisory positions may for instance involve themselves in fraud dealings like awarding tenders to unqualified suppliers so as to get some financial benefits from the same. This would compromise the safety of the event as some of the safety equipment bought may be of law standard hence putting the participants at a great risk. The event was also prone to misrepresentation by promoting or marketing it excessively. Over promoting the event could have resulted in the number of attendants exceeding that budgeted for hence causing a strain to the finances allocated for the event. The promotion also requires a lot of resource allocation for its activities. Excessive promotion of that event could have resulted to the attraction of many people wit h different motives some of which could be terrorist attacks or disruption hence jeopardizing the safety and security of the whole event. This would in the end result event’s objectives not being fulfilled. Through risk management, such problems were meant to be spotted and appropriate measures taken to avoid any inconveniences caused by such risks. The general excitement of the people coupled by the large number of attendants and equipment could as well have been causes of potential hazards and the appropriate measures were to taken to prevent such risks. The food and sanitation at the event was also very vital given that such an event with numerous people was prone to venders selling unhygienic foodstuffs. This might be a potential health hazard. There was therefore need to ensure that foodstuffs that are not hygienic are not allowed at the event (Davis 1949, p. 333). The toilets and latrines needed to be hygienic and able to accommodate the large number of attendants. The event was also likely to witness noise pollution due to the large number of attendants. Measures were therefore supposed to be taken so us to minimize the problem. The financial area was also likely to witness some irregularities particularly at several cash points which could be potential attractions for thieves, robbers or fraudsters who may want to benefit from the cash being collected. There was therefore a great need to beef up the security of such points, putting trustworthy and accountable people at the place. Table Top Excises and Scenarios in Risk Prevention Risk management is effective when it is accompanied by transparency and accountability so as to fulfill the desired objectives. In the current risk management process, all the activities and endeavors are made formal so as to enhance the transparency and accountability. The risk management process must be seen working throughout the process (Fennell 1984). In the case of the T200 anniversary risk management process for instance, the process was involved a lot of documentation and verification. Service providers were supposed to verify that they were in position to offer services of the required standard. Even contractors were vetted to ensure that they meet the set standards. Such transparency and formality helps in reducing cases of fraud and ensuring that only qualified personnel are selected for the appropriate tasks in the risk management process. The screening of contractors and other service providers help in ensuring provision of quality services and acquisition of quality equipment as well. There are several scenarios, which can be used in the prediction and avoidance of risks. Some risks usually context dependant and they are only unique to certain events. After such a risk has been well understood, the appropriate action is decided upon so as to mitigate it. Given that the occasion was supposed to involve people from different nationalities and in large numbers, there could be a potentia l terrorist attack. This is also owed to the fact that terrorist activities are usually eminent in populated areas and surprisingly most of them are usually aimed at western countries (Kelman 1989, p.100). The security was therefore supposed to be beefed up and using weapon detectors at the entrances to the venue of the event. In such an event with various parties from different countries, there could be conflicting interests, which if not well handled could lead to confusion and dispute. The end result could be disagreement and disruption of the flow of events during the occasion. The objectives of the event might then not be met given that most of the time would be used in unending arguments. There was a need therefore to employ a conflict resolution taskforce to be on the standby and come in when such a situation arises. The issue of the Master of ceremony (MC) is also crucial in such gatherings. A Master of Ceremony who might be inexperienced, impolite, illiterate, untidy, and e xcessively dominant could be a disaster in such a gathering (Ferlie 2005, p. 99). There have been some cases where the Master of Ceremony fails to turn up hence leading to confusion in the event. In such a case, the appropriate persons should be consulted on time and screened to ensure that they can perform. There needs to be several qualified M.C.s so that in the event that one fails to turn up or fails to meet the expectations then, the other one should be able to take over. Such an event is also prone to problems of fund collection. The fund collection activity is likely to be prone to fraud and cases of theft. There is therefore a great need to put an effective fund collection procedure which can be effectively accounted for. Only trustworthy staff members should be put in charge of the whole activity. The collection point should also be staffed with the relevant security personnel so as to tackle the cases of burglary. Given that such an event involves very many attendants, it might not be easy to approximate the number of attendants. It is possible for the number of attendants to supersede the approximated number hence causing a strain to the budget. A deficit in the budget may be a hindrance to some of the events activities being carried out. Prevention and Contingency Plan A Possible major risk in this event would be that of a fatal accident. A plan that is detailed and contingent needed to be developed so as to deal with the same.Using the SWOT analysis, the risk of a fatal accident could be curtailed using the appropriate measures. The SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis could be very relevant in dealing with the possibility of a fatal accident. In this kind of analysis, several aspects are analyzed in relation to the possibility a fatal accident occurring. The strategy aims at looking at the Strengths, the Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that could emerge in the process while trying to mitigate the possible risks of the event. Strengths The some o f the strengths would include the availability of the right personnel to deal with the possibility of a fatal accident, availability of high quality equipment that would be of great help in dealing with the possibility of such an accident and the following of the right procedures in mitigating the problem. The venue was also strategically placed for ease in mitigation. Weaknesses Some of the possible weaknesses would be the negative publicity of the event by the media, particularly those of the countries that are Britain’s adversaries hence increasing the possibility of a terror attack. The event is other weakness would be fraud particularly in the acquisition of the required equipment and tendering which would lead to poor quality services and equipment. The excessive promotion of the event could be another weakness with its own disadvantages. Opportunity Some of the opportunities available include advancement in technological innovations and their inclusion in making the ev ent a success. The other opportunity includes the possibility of increasing the number of the countries allies hence making the event more successful especially in the provision of first aid services and equipment as well as services. Threats Some of the possible threats for the event would include the possibility of terror attacks. Given that the event was over marketed, the event was likely to witness an excess in the number of attendants and in the event of a fatal accident, the number of casualties would be more than that planned for hence causing a strain on the budget as well as the medical facilities and services available. The table below gives a SWOT analysis for the event Identified risk likelihood Consequences Level of risk Prevention By whom Contingency Administrative Moderate Moderate considerable Involving relevant authorities Administrative personnel Training of staff Public relations and marketing potential catastrophic considerable Controlled marketing Promo ters and marketers Increased budgetary allocation Health and security Most likely catastrophic High Employing on the ground officers Security personnel Train security and health personnel Logistical Mist likely catastrophic High Not compromising g o standards Logistical personnel Choosing the venue carefully There needed to be a comprehensive plan or workable alternatives to be integrated in prevention or minimization of the possible risks that would occur. This comes after risk analysis. The appropriate contingency plan containing the appropriate response to the risk’s impact would involve procedures of decision making, an effective chain of command as well as coupled with appropriate cause of action. There was supposed to be effectiveness in the decision making and organization of the event. Control needed to be exercised on the people, the transport system both for the public and air space. The service providers needed to be qualified and the services and other supp liers were supposed to meet the set standards. Tendering and contracting processes demanded that the contactors produce not only the health but also the safety plan. These issues were dealt with in advance. The tasks to be handled were enormous and complex. The safety personnel on the ground were supposed to ensure the safety of the participants, guests and spectators and their coordination was very vital. Cooperation between the local authorities and the relevant international practitioners was very vital in ensuring the safety and success of the whole event. The planning was carried out at all levels and the relevant staff and contractors were involved at these levels. Potential risks like typhoons, and terror attacks were planned for in advance (Baum 2001:88). A safety-working group was supposed to be established so as to coordinate the health and safety issues. Specialists from particular subject areas were involved in the task and they were from various disciplines. This enhanc ed the division of labor as every group concentrated on its own activities. The safety working group enhanced the coordination of the planning group as they enabled the exchange of ideas to be easy. The group enhanced a relaxed working environment. They briefed the major staff members on various aspects of their duties and did the analysis evaluation of the respective groups. Recommendations Such an event poses a big threat not only to the participants and attendants but also to the entire nation. As such, several recommendations should be considered for future events. Planning for such kind of an event should involve top security personnel both at the local and international level. Thus will help detect and counter potential threats. A rehearsal should be done well in time to allow the planners enough time to incorporate necessary changes. Planning for the even should star well in advance and should incorporate a thorough training of all personnel involved in the execution process. Training should also involve training the planers themselves. Recruitment of personnel is a crucial matter. For such a magnanimous event, the planners should consider recruiting people who have been involved in planning and execution of big pubic events. Marketing should be controlled in such a way that it would be possible to arrive at a rough estimate on the number of people that might attend and thus avoid budget constrains in the event of an over attendance. Reference List Aaker, D. A., Jacobson, R., 1987.  The role of risk in explaining differences in profitability. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 277-296. Abbey, A., Dickson, J. W., 1983.  RD work climate and innovation in semiconductors. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 362-368. Barton, S. L., 1988.  Diversification strategy and systematic risk: Another look. The  Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 166-175. Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., Smith, K. G., 2001.   A multidimensional model of venture growth. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 292-303. Carlson, N. F., 1999. Global risk management. Strategic Finance (August): 34-37. Cataldo, A. J., Killough, L. N., 2003. Is your firm safe from cybersmear?  Strategic Finance, pp. 34-38. Davila, T., Epstein, M. J., Matusik, S. F., 2004. Innovation strategy and the use of performance measures. Advances in Management Accounting, Vol. 13, pp.   27-58. Davis, J. L.,1949. Cost index method for determining insurable values. N.A.C.A.  Bulletin (December): 470. Fennell, M. L., 1984. Synergy, influence, and information in the adoption of administrative innovations. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 113- 129. Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, L., Wood, M., Hawkins, C., 2005. The nonspread of innovations: The mediating role of professionals. The Academy of  Management Journal Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 117-134. Guay, W. R., 1999. The impact of derivatives on firm risk: A n empirical examination of new derivative users. Journal of Accounting and Economics  pp. 319-351. Kelman, H. C., 1989, Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social Psychology of  Authority and Responsibility. New Haven: Yale University Press. Nutt, P. C., 1986.  Tactics of implementation. The Academy of Management Journal  Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 230-261. This report on Management: Risks Identifying and Their Analysis was written and submitted by user Caitlyn N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Facts to Imbue the Culture Research Paper with Catchy Info

10 Facts to Imbue the Culture Research Paper with Catchy Info The civilization is a product of the human activity. It grants the birth to various products of culture and a wide spectrum of phenomena which depict the state of society in various periods of time. The purpose of a culture research paper is to present an analysis of some cultural element and expose it to the public. The student is capable of conducting a deeper insight into some particular cultural element and either describe it or provide an investigation to detect some peculiarities or attract some public attention to the studied case. Here you will find ten interesting facts about the culture based on which you will be capable of organizing the material for the research paper on the culture of any type including arts and pop culture essay topics. The Facts about Culture that Will Help to Add Some Catchy Information Culture is everywhere.  This is the most fundamental fact about the culture of humanity. It is described in the definition of the term. The products of culture are the results of mutual work between all people in the world. Basically, this fact makes it easy to select the most appropriate topic for writing as any piece of literature, architecture, art, society is the product of culture. The scientist can analyze either past or add a deeper insight into the modern phenomenon. Culture is social.  Culture is not created by a single person only. It is a product of the activity of numerous representatives of mankind within a particular period of time. Interassociation between numerous people would be a decent addition to the research paper. It is advisable to select several representatives within a single time lap so that it was possible to define characteristic peculiarities of the studied topic. Culture is shared.  Culture is the entity that is shared between the society. Some writers can concentrate upon some mutual events within a single area like some sort of traditions or beliefs. The comparison with other traditions from a different area would be also a fine idea for investigation writing. The detection of some mutual and opposing features will be quite interesting to read about. Culture is historically transmitted.  The history of culture is among the most studied aspects of the science. The history of humanity is comprised of numerous events, and they gave birth to a variety of cultural achievements. It is consistently passed from one generation to another while adding some totally new elements to known culture creations. Culture is an everlasting process.  The most interesting fact about the culture is that it is constantly developing at the changeable speed. That is why it would be advisable to study the culture in progress. The growth of culture should be studied together with all background data, and all of them should be presented in the text for a more fundamental research. Culture is life-implemented.  Culture does not exist aside from the humanity. That is why you should add a fact with its impact on the society. Besides this, the culture can be studied together by means of other sciences as together the result will be more productive and reliable. Culture is flexible.  Culture is not a rigid entity. It is constantly changing under the influence of some side catalyzers. Adding information about some crucial events to the text can improve the quality of the culture research paper. You can also compare the studied object before or after some turning points. Culture is the response to outer factors.  We can consider culture the soul of the society. It is the emotions that react to the things that are taking place among humans. While working on some topic, think what gave birth to the origin of the cultural phenomenon and what contributed to its being what it is now. Culture is in the language.  You can better understand a culture of other people when you start learning the language/-es they speak. Many interesting, sometimes, shocking cultural things are entwined in the language. Moreover, learning foreign languages helps get rid of cultural chinches imposed on us by TV and social media. Ancient culture – the mother of all the modern cultures.  Most traditions, rituals, tendencies in various spheres of the modern life have already existed. Scientists discovered dozens of ancient civilizations who used most of the modern trends and even inventions. We should think that all that we’ve invented is original. In most cases, it is the second life of things that were habitual thousands of years ago. Accept the fact that culture is our greatest richness, and all of us contribute to the creation of the culture the way it is. There are endless opportunities for studying the culture, and all of them have something fascinating to offer to the public. All the information that will be presented in the culture investigation will certainly be fascinating and attractive for every reader who is interested in social events. References: Schwartz, T. (1981). The acquisition of culture. Ethos, 9, 4-17.  https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1525/eth.1981.9.1.02a00020 Global Culture/Individual Identity: Searching for Home in the Cultural Supermarket. Gordon Mathews. New York: Routledge, 2000. 228 pp.  https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=ros1GR2ykH8Cprintsec=frontcoverhl=uksource=gbs_ViewAPIredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Spencer-Oatey, H. (2012) What is culture? A compilation of quotations. GlobalPAD Core Concepts.  https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/al/globalpad/openhouse/interculturalskills/global_pad_-_what_is_culture.pdf Triandis, H. C. (1994) Culture and Social Behavior. New York: McGraw Hill  http://eyewitness.utep.edu/3331/LonnerMalpass1994%20Chap%2024.pdf Levin, Ilya. (2014). CULTURAL TRENDS IN A DIGITAL SOCIETY.  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ilya_Levin/publication/262414154_CULTURAL_TRENDS_IN_A_DIGITAL_SOCIETY/links/00463537a50e2527ae000000/CULTURAL-TRENDS-IN-A-DIGITAL-SOCIETY.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Elasticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elasticity - Essay Example The function of responsiveness of a particular variable to the change in parameters of the other variables is what elasticity is all about. The frequently used dimensions of elasticity include price elasticity of demand, price elasticity of supply, income elasticity of demand and elasticity of substitution between factors of production. Because of the immense contribution that the concept of elasticity has made to the study of responsiveness of price and other factors to changes in demand and supply, it has indeed made a significant contribution to the understanding of the market and agents in its. This is the topic for this paper and the subsequent paragraphs discuss the concept in detail along with the example of a supermarket to elucidate the concept. If we take the first dimension or the PED (Price Elasticity of Demand), this is the percentage change in the quantity demanded for a drop or rise in price and hence measures how â€Å"elastic† the demand is to a change in the price of the good. The measurement of PED is by dividing the percentage change in the quantity demanded by the percentage change in the price and since either the percentage change in demand or the percentage change in price is negative, the PED is always negative. Hence, the PED is usually expressed in terms of absolute values. Goods that have a PED of more than 1 are supposed to be highly elastic meaning that changes in price have a large effect on the change in demand. On the other hand, goods that have a PED less than 1 or between 0 and 1 are supposed to be inelastic or relatively inelastic. This is because the change in demand is not that much greater for a change in price (Ayers & Collins, 2003). If we apply this dimension to the case of the superm arket, we find that goods like alcoholic beverages and luxury products like perfumes and cosmetics are highly elastic since a drop in the price invariably leads to

Cultural diversity and the challenge of innovation Essay

Cultural diversity and the challenge of innovation - Essay Example The effect of this change, aided as it is by the blinding speed of globalization’s driver ICT represented by the Internet, was more than enough to put every organization ready to become global or international. The change has set everybody on equal footing with the rest in terms of opportunities. With the change, business has to move faster if it does not want to be left behind. â€Å"Innovate or die,† warns Tom Peters, as if the options were a breeze. Of course, dying was not a desired option, and innovation, the one and only last, has the greatest impact on organizations as it touches on people and culture. One natural consequence of globalization and ICT is the sudden increase in the number and diversity of people in organizations. From educational institutions to tourism to every other business, there would be heightened people movement, and this was not only happening across nations. Some two decades ago, Cox (1994) talked about the relevance of cultural diversity in organizations. He wrote along the lines of an increasingly diverse workforce by reason of race, gender and nationality – a trend that was addressed at that time by such strategic concepts as cross-functional teams for competitive edge. He also noted the growing emphasis of companies to internationalize – a business activity that naturally required crossing of cultures – and the recognition given to cultural diversity as an influence to organizational productivity. The aim of this paper is to examine cultural diversity and determine how relevant it is in the effort of organizations to respond to the current changes that affect them. The paper shall attempt to answer the question â€Å"Is cultural diversity relevant to organizations?† by describing its dynamics and implications upon organizations, and if found to be still relevant, to identify how it can be made more useful in responding to the challenge of innovation. 2. Cultural Diversity Diversity is said to be right at the core of human development (Lamb and Bornstein, 2011). Every person is unique. By reason of his genetic configuration and psychology, a person will be different from another in the face of their similarities. That differentiation is what shows in his gender, age, color, birth, race, culture, health, sexual orientation and other dimensions. When this uniqueness is ranged against a social, economic or any collective setting, it produces a condition known as diversity (Diller, 2011). Culture People are different in many ways. When they meet with regularity, as in a workplace or as members of an aggrupation, people exhibit certain norms of conduct and follow certain procedures that taken together is known as culture. Culture is defined in different ways by different authors. Bodley (1994) sees culture as what people think and do, what they produce, their beliefs and values. Cant et al (2007) refer to culture as myths, values, customs, rituals, language and laws th at combine to form the basis for their behavior. Culture is seen as a peculiar way of behaving or believing which members share with one another (Briscoe and Schuler, 2004). Hofstede (1991) defines culture as the â€Å"collective programming of the human mind that sets the distinction of the members in relation to other groups.† In sum, culture can be described as a set of values, beliefs, and concepts that enable a group to make sense and meaning of its existence. It is also a collective expression that

Causal Factors Regarding Students with Emotional and Behavioral Essay

Causal Factors Regarding Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders - Essay Example Emotional and behavioral disorders may exist at the same time with other disabilities within an individual student. From the biological domain, there exist certain factors that could cause emotional and behavioral disorders. These may include affective disorders, schizophrenic disorders, anxiety disorders or any other persistent conduct maladjustments that undesirably affect educational outcomes of the student. These could be identified through self-directed and over controlled emotional and behavioral factors such as somatic problems, anxiety, social withdrawal or isolation and depression (Merrell & Walker, 2004). Within the school context, disruption, noncompliance and aggression constitute factors that could cause emotional and behavioral disorders in students. These may be identified through lack of focused attention, continued disruption of other students, isolation and avoidance or escaping demands of class work and assignments. These students may also not carry out tasks and assignments as expected of them. From the context of the family, health factors, physical symptoms and pervasive mood constitute causal factors of emotional and behavioral disorders. Poor health status, depression, unhappiness remain identifiable features of these causal factors. Furthermore, social isolation, comprise the cultural context. These causal factors would be identified through the inability of these students to build and maintain acceptable interpersonal relationship with others. In addition, they have fear, engage in antisocial and deviant behaviors, lack remorse and select or develop their own set of be havioral rules that govern their conduct (Merrell & Walker, 2004). ... These causal factors would be identified through the inability of these students to build and maintain acceptable interpersonal relationship with others. In addition, they have fear, engage in antisocial and deviant behaviors, lack remorse and select or develop their own set of behavioral rules that govern their conduct (Merrell & Walker, 2004). Criteria of identifying causal factors in EBD Several methods have become suggested by different researchers of emotional and behavioral disorders as applicable to the identification of the factors causing the disability. In this regard, the use of the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) technique would be appropriate in identifying these causal factors in students. The use of this technique involves the identification of the relationship between causes and effects in relation to a specific behavior and environmental incidents. Applied Behavior Analysis technique also takes into account other characteristics that could be put into consideration w hile identifying causal factors. Such characteristics include the ability of behavior to be learnt, changed and be influenced by environmental consequences. Moreover, the technique focuses on the behavior rather than the disability and entails the use of game plans in changing behavior. The use of behavioral principles, behavior change measurement and exclusion of emotional relations as underlying cause also forms part of the criteria employed in Applied Behavior Analysis technique (Yell et al., 2009). Impacts of causal factors on students with EBD The characteristics of behavior may be determined by their outcomes on behavior. Causal factors that remain as unconditional or conditioned have considerable impacts on the behavior of

Case Study: Managing Risk

Case Study: Managing Risk Juaries Fe Dela Cruz John Murphy Molina Introduction This study demonstrates the critical value of having an essential knowledge and practical strategy in managing risk considering the policy and procedures with strategies and operation that can safeguard the organization against the threat of the healthcare business functions and additional option that is necessary for the advantageous and success of the organization welfare. The entire case study elucidated how the two private surgical hospitals integrate as combined facility aiming to provide the highest quality of medical services and other high standard approach resulted to become center of clinical excellence as well as the business prosper with the hold of the name to be well-known as the best facility providing finest healthcare system. Teaming up also bring more risk to the formed unification of the two private surgical hospital. The policies and standard procedure of each organization should be efficiently contemplated bearing in mind of some factors that may jeopardize the i ntegrations. Aiming to eliminate or if not, to reduce negative risk and developing opportunities and success should place the top priority of the organization. Foreseeing objectives of the cost that is maximizing the potential gain and attainment as well as minimizing the likelihood of the severity of losses and negative outcome. The Acute Clinical Hospital must be prepared for any consequence they might face as well as how they controlled and monitored risk to have successful operational healthcare business functions that may benefit the consumer and the producers. The Acute Clinical Hospital’s planned a strategic risk management policy and procedure to safeguard the operational healthcare business function from any risk that may encounter and is identified in nine different risk factors: A. Business Risk As being privately owned by a number of shareholders, the business risk of this organization most likely is more successful and propitious because of the organizations dedication in providing high standards of services and holding their accreditation as the award recognizes the quality of healthcare delivered and the commitment of improvements of the unified hospitals. Unlike government funded healthcare business which is rather fuzzy always relying government economic status in which mostly interfered by some politics decisions, privately owned business is more focus on their endeavor concerning with those that have social or collective interest. However, private business is at risk liabilities under the management and professionalism aspect that is unexpected massive range of events, for instance are government fines, costly lawsuits, data thief and some other criminal activities. Administrative and financial disaster is so disruptive that is hard to recover even to those larger co mpanies. B. Insurance Risk Insurance covers a wide range of perils and incidents except those that are noted in the policy. In business category, insured company covers the loss of income, the incurred expenses or any peril that interrupts the normal business operation. However, insurance contract is the policy. The policy of the insurance may define all or specific covered perils with certain named exclusion. The risk of anticipated losses is transferred from the policyholder to the insurer who has the authority to specify rules and condition. C. Compliance risk There are some standard regulations and rules set by the government on their policy in terms of business sector. Conforming to those arranges of stated requirements and regulation is a must and there will be reasonable punishment if you will not do so either government funded or privately owned business. The potential cost and risk against non-compliance of the applicable requirements that is set by the laws, regulations, contract, policies and strategies as well as the expenses to achieved corrective actions to comply into it. D. Information technology risk Security risk to information technology is one of the problems encountered in modern times most especially in the business sector. Cyber attacked jeopardized the business by hacking their sensitive data via the network. Some important structure of figures might loss that cause harm and a big loss to the system as well as the event to the capital interest of the company that make them vulnerable. Another example that put the business at risk through information technology is fire, flood and the loss of access. E. Legal risk Every country there is a law that is established and should be executed and implemented in order to smoothly run legal. In the business sector private or public, government legal rules must be followed and be adapted to the complex sets of processes. Legal risk in the business sector put concentrations on evaluating the present alternative regulatory as well as the non-regulatory responses to risk. This legal risk entails to have knowledge in legal, social and economic factors along with knowledge and ideals of the business world in which legal groups function. F. Business disruption risk Hospitals are businesses that will hang towards time because of the demand of healthcare by the people. However, when a lot of hospitals have been put up there would be a competition that would be a risk to the business especially when there is no innovation. In addition, technology really plays a big role in healthcare nowadays, due to advancement of equipment used in diagnostic, surgical operations, etc. If hospitals would not improve their equipment business will be disrupted. To demonstrate, people would go to hospitals that have advanced equipment for many various reasons and one of which is to save time. G. Accounting and financial risk In any case, business is about money. Not having the right employees in accounting then there would be a big financial risk which could lead to bankruptcy. Many businesses have shut down because financial risk was taken for granted. Having the right people to manage the flow of money can minimise or stop loss of money which could nourish the business. The purpose of having a good management in accounting can be accomplished by giving relevant information to improve the willingness and ability of the workers to attain the goals and objectives of the company. In addition, it is a necessity to give information on the risks that is taken and its relationship to the risk manner competence of organisations as well as their connection to the profit produced. The demonstration of uncertainty and risk in the system of accounting is limited in technique and scope as well as isolated over different systems. As for now, there is no specialised comprehensive system in accounting for the main reason of representing risk organisation wide in comparison terms has developed. H. Employment practices In hospitals having the right employees to function in their designated areas is an asset to the business. Management should hire the right people for the position to provide the utmost level of functioning. Hiring the wrong people would lead the institution to have a bad reputation which could lead to loss of money. Having excellent doctors and physicians can boost the reputation of the hospital which is nourishing to the business. In addition, having nurses that have finished their degree and have registered to the company is a big help to the management and the patients. Furthermore, having trained, hardworking, loyal employees can help deliver the best service to the customers. Hospitals should provide trainings to its staff to enhance their skills in providing healthcare to the patients. Having the best healthcare providers is a big factor in every healthcare institution for the customers will always go for the best quality care there is with respect to the price. I. Workplace Health and Safety Hospital is a place where most of the people with diseases are confined may they be good or criminals. Ensuring the health and safety of the staff and employees should be given importance, considering that it is the responsibility of the management. Occupational health and safety is important for financial, legal, and moral reasons. If taken for granted could cause legal issues. In addition to this, financial security of the staff should also be given importance by the management. Every employee would go for employers that provide good benefits for their employees. Maintaining and promoting the safety and health of the employees in the workplace to the highest degree of mental, physical, and social well-being would minimise the risk of many issues in the work force. To mention, workers would depart from work due to diseases caused by environmental conditions in the workplace. Although work provides many economic and other benefits, a wide array of workplace hazards also present risks to the health and safety of people at work. These include but are not limited to, allergens, chemicals, physical factors, biological agents, adverse ergonomic conditions, a broad range of psychosocial risk factors, and a complex network of safety risks.

Rastafari Culture The Extreme Ethiopian Rasta Vs. The Mellow Dallas Ras

Rastafari Culture The Extreme Ethiopian Rasta Vs. The Mellow Dallas Rasta Many people throughout the world have a hard time understanding what it means to be a Rasta. For some their troubles in understanding Rasta’s come because they look as Rastafari as only a religion. When one does this they run into many problems. This is because Rastafari is much more than a religion. It is a way of life, a social movement, as well as a mind set. Another reason why western people have a hard time understanding Rastafari is because the movement lacks the structure that the western world is use to. A lot of people’s understanding of Rasta’s only goes as far as to think that Rasta’s are people that live in Jamaica, smoke weed, and have Dreadlocks. These people do not begin to think what is behind the movement. The idea that Rastafari is strictly Jamaican is also very wrong. Since the origination of Rastafari, the Rasta movement has expanded far beyond the island of Jamaica. Rasta’s now live all over the world. There are Rasta cultures in all parts of Europe, Asia, New Zealand, United States, and especially Africa. This paper seeks to explain Rastafari and to show it’s expansion by exposing Rasta’s culture from it’s most holy form in Ethiopia to one of it’s least holy in Dallas Texas. The Development of Rastafari The Rastafari movement stems from the teachings of the great Jamaican leader and motivator of masses, Maces Garvey. Garvey told the African people of the world to unite and to return to African, the homeland. Garvey’s vision was for the â€Å"Blacks to overcome their feelings of inferiority and build upon their own unique and evolving culture, and ultimately return to Africa to redeem their homeland and to build a future... ...own That Rasatafarians Built.† Ethiopian World Federation June 1 2002 Dubb, Adjua. â€Å"Rastrari Way of Life† JahWorks.org Nicholas, Tracy. Rastafari A Way of Life (Pamphlet no other info given) Jones, Linda. â€Å"The Rasta Way – Dallas Rastafarian community steadfastly pratices an often misunderstood religion† 08/11/96 Niceup April 4 2002 Lewis, William. Soul Rebels The Rastafari. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, Inc., 1993 â€Å"Rastafari Campaigner Taking Cannabis Case To African Commission† South African Press Association 20 March 2002

Bless Me Ultima Theme Analysis Essay

Chinua Achebe and Rudolfo Anaya write stories about two people that must over come struggles and difficulties in life. The characters in both stories must overcome internal and external conflict. A theme expressed in both stories is that everyone has conflicted and struggles in their life but they must overcome and make the best of the situation. This theme is expressed through character thoughts, symbolism and character experiences. In Anaya’s story, Bless Me Ultima, the main character, Antonio must over come many different obstacles, in one summer. Throughout Antonio’s summer he experiences death everywhere, he experiences the death of a stranger, family friend, and 2 close friends, but some how through it all he stays strong. He witnesses the death of a dear friend, â€Å" the lonely river was a sad place to be when one is a small boy who has just seen a friend die† (Anaya, 231). Antonio wintness the death of someone from town, Lupito, although he did not really know the man, witnessing the death of anyone can be saddening, â€Å" I saw Lupito lifted off his feet and hurled backwards by the bullets. (Anaya 20) Not only did Antonio have to say goodbye to the people who died, shortly after his brothers returned from war, they were gone again, â€Å"I wondered if I would ever really know my brothers, or would the remain but phantoms of my dream. † ( Anya, 178) Although Antonio was not a smiling laughing child through the course of the story, he did remain positive and continued moving forward. In Achebe’s short story Civil Peace, the main character Jonathan Iwegbu and his family go through a devastating 3 year war, however he continues to stay strong, this shows through comparisons and symbolism. Instead of the character being depressed and whoa it is me, he is thankful and feels he is blessed, â€Å"He had come of the war with five inestimable blessings- his head, his wife Maria’s head, and the head of the three of their four children. † (Achebe, 358) Things we take forgranted in America Jonathan considered them miracles. â€Å"As a bonus he also has his old bicycle- a miracle too†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Achebe, 359) Another example, â€Å"the newest miracle was his little house in Ogui Overside†¦..  Of course the doors and windows were missing and five sheets of the roof† (Achebe 359). Rusted bike, and damaged house, these our things many people would be disappointed to have, Jonathan is just grateful to have anything, with everything he has been through, he finds the better side of the situation. The thoughts and words of both characters is clear evidence of perseverance and determination to continue moving forward. â€Å" Let it go where everything el se has gone. Nothing puzzles God† (Achebe, 364). Jonathan says this after the robbers come to his house, he is saying that let them take the money, more was taken in the war, and that God knows what he is doing. Even after all the money he has worked hard for is taken Jonathan still does not get down on himself, like Antonio. â€Å"The rest of the summer was good for me, good in a sense that is was filled with its richness and I made strength from everything that had happened to me, so that in the end even the final tragedy could not defeat me† (Anaya, 237). This though Antonio had sums up the theme of both stories all in one. Both characters will take what the world throws at them and use it to make them stronger, and they will continue to live. These stories were both straightforward and easy to keep up with, but they had deeper meanings within the story. There wasn’t only the one theme I have described for you, but many other ones. However the theme that popped out at me, was basically what doesn’t kill us makes us stronger. Which is No matter what people go through they must find the strength within to persevere and continue living their life.

Poe and Hitchcock essays

Poe and Hitchcock essays Edgar Allen Poe and Alfred Hitchcock have insane characters in their stories. Some examples are Edgar Allen Poes William Wilson in William Wilson, and the narrator of the Tell-Tale Heart; and Alfred Hitchcocks Bruno in Strangers on a Train. These characters have similar foundations for their unstable sanity; however, each character had his own peculiar motives which led to this unsound state-of-mind. William Wilson appears what society deems normal in the beginning of the short story. He admits his faults in his imaginative and easily excitable temperament (pg. 66). He even begins his story by revealing remorse and shame for his past actions: The fair page now lying before me need not be sullied with my real appellation, (pg. 66). These traits are those which characterize a sane mentality. The story goes on to describe the normal life of any boy away at school. Wilson gains the respect and admiration of others with his ardor, enthusiasm and imperiousness that are innate to popular and socially competent persons (pg. 70). However, when Wilson notices that there is one youth whom does not claim the admiration for Wilson as the others, Wilson becomes threatened. This Other person continually interferes with Wilsons life in an unwelcome manner. Although, Wilson admits to almost developing a friendship with him, he becomes so disturbed with the Others interference, that in a rage, he murders him. At this point, Wilson may be called insane for the brief moment he lost his hold on reality and killed attempted to kill what he believed was another living being-but there is yet an untold aspect of the role of the Other in Wilsons life. Wilson is not perceived as temporarily insane for a moment in rage, but as having a long-term illness. Wilson perceived the Other as almost a twin in resemblance and name: I disc...

Critical Appraisal of the London Ambulance Case The WritePass Journal

Critical Appraisal of the London Ambulance Case Abstract. Critical Appraisal of the London Ambulance Case Abstract.IntroductionSYSTEMS THINKINGLondon Ambulance ServiceKnowledge management in the London Ambulance Service Information Management Structure within the ambulance complexesA case with the London Ambulance ServicesStrategies to prevent future Crises in the London Ambulance ServicesConclusionRecommendation REFERENCESRelated Abstract.   This paper describes the case of the London Ambulance Services (LAS) Information Management System by using System thinking as the knowledge management tools and appraises its application in the delivery of the services of the organisation. The issue of some of the failures and successes of the LAS especially the issue bordering the failed Computer Aided Despatch (CAD) system was also discussed and suggestions made on how the London Ambulance Services could improve its knowledge management in terms of information sharing in order to achieve great success in its daily operations. Keywords: Knowledge management systems; information management; systems thinking; London Ambulance Services; Computer Aided Despatch (CAD) Introduction Knowledge management involves the acquisition, storage, retrieval, application, generation, and review of the knowledge assets of an organization in a controlled way (Watson, 2003).The purpose of knowledge management is to enable an organization to control its information resources and knowledge resources by remembering and applying experience as this is considered as the basis of future economic competitiveness (Watson, 2003). Knowledge management spreads throughout an organization from the information management systems to marketing and human resources (Aykin, 2007). Information could be seen as the principal key substance to knowledge management in an organisation. Information is regarded as the content of what is exchanged with the outer world as we adjust to it, and make our adjustment felt upon it (Stahl, 2008). It encompasses storage of material resources, as well as the action of other people in the group (Aykin, 2007).   According to Davenport (1993), making information and communication significant and accessible would likely make it more controllable; and accessible information is also discussable which results to increased reciprocity. In a nut-shell, information management processes should include the entire information â€Å"value chain† which involves starting with the definition of the information requirements, then the collection, storage, distribution, receipt, and use of the information (Davenport, 1993). Information and knowledge management can be considered as existing along a continuum as they exhibit relationship with their context (Watson, 2003). Information management in an organisation can be enhanced by using the enterprise resource planning (ERP), because it is the system that brings together all the company’s major business functions together and could also be used to forecast future demands and also enable every one working for the company to have instant access to critical information (Marcic and Daft, 2008).   Knowledge depends on the information received, thus information increases knowledge value as is seen in IT/IS strategy (Wimmer, 2004). In any well structured organization such as the London Ambulance Services, the effectiveness of knowledge management would to a great extent depend on how vital information are being shared within the staff and the residents whom they serve.   This is because information is a vital tool which occupies a central position in managerial decision making and the more and higher-quality information will lead to better performance (Stahl, 2008). The potential benefit of extensive information sharing and wider cooperation has been seriously impeded by the unavailability of robust communications or transportation systems to support them. Advance information sharing can aid in resource assessment and contribute valuable information to plan the response effort more effectively, especially in the first few hours after the onset of the any emergency (Aykin, 2007). In order to make effective and innovative local decisions in an organization, subordinates must have information and training because information provides awareness of potential problems, opportunities, and available resources, training to use the tools they need to act effectively to meet the needs (Simons, 1995). SYSTEMS THINKING Systems thinking and system approach in an organisation was developed and has been in publication over the past 50 years (Macdonald, et al. 2006). It is concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information and forms an important part of effective information and administrative management (Ferreira, et al. 2010). System thinking is essential for the development of the effective organisation the learning organisation (Beardwell Ciaydon, 2007). It enables the ability to conceptualise complex dynamic realities within the systems and its external relationships, and then model them in a simple, coherent way that is yet pregnant with meaning and capable of further elaboration when necessary (Beardwell Ciaydon, 2007). In the case of the London Ambulance Service, system thinking would inevitably give an important insight into the role of information systems sequentially from data to capta to information to knowledge. Information systems serve people engaged in what they consider as meaningful action, as in actions which support another to yield a meaningful result (Sherwood, 2002). System thinking involves the conceptualization of a system which provides support by first defining the nature of the system (Currie and Galliers, 1999). Another benefit of system thinking is that it helps to reduce the complexity of real-world problems by providing a structured way of balancing a broad, complete view with the selection of the right level of detail, and as such, enhances decision taking within short time (Sherwood, 2002). London Ambulance Service The London Ambulance Service (LAS) is the only NHS trust that covers the whole of London and provides patients with the highest quality of care to ensure that patients who reside within London obtains the best health outcome in the world (www.londonambulance.nhs.uk).   The primary purpose of the LAS is to save lives and responds effectively to medical emergencies (london.gov.uk ). It is managed by South West Thames Regional Health Authority and is the largest ambulant service in the world as it covers geographical area of over 600 square miles, resident population of over 6.8 million people (comp.lancs.ac.uk). The London Ambulance Service (LAS) responds to all ‘999’ emergency calls for medical assistance in the capital and is staffed 24 hours a day in three eight-hour watches. The control room of LAS takes an average of 2000 calls a day and coordinates the despatches of vehicles from its fleets of ambulances, motor cycles and air ambulances (Stegwee and Spil, 2001). This efficiency is achieved by the help of MapInfo technology to help improve call handling and response time as it helps the LAS to plot the location of ambulance stations, hospitals and area of high priority calls, as well as planning of the crew deployment during emergencies (Nag and Sengupta, 2007).The service has received awards for information system management that may not be matched for years (Stegwee and Spil, 2001). According to Rowland and Macdonald, (2005), in order to maintain a high quality delivery of all its services, the members of staff from the senior management to the ambulance crew of the London Ambulance Service require the possession of qualifications, experience and qualities which include: theoretical training as would ensure acquisition of the necessary knowledge of the field in which they are required to work. a thorough knowledge of the hazards and failure of the equipment for which they are responsible. an understanding and detailed knowledge of the working practices used in the organisation for which they work, as well as a general knowledge of the working practices in other establishments of similar type. a detailed working knowledge of all statutory provisions, approved codes of practice, other codes of practice, guidance material and their information relevant to their work, and awareness of legislation and practices, other than those which might affect their work. Ability to advice others. the calibre of personality to enable them to communicate effectively with their peers, any staff working under their supervision, and their own supervisors. an awareness of the current developments in the field in which they work. an appreciation of their own limitations, whether of knowledge, experience, facilities, resources, etc, and a preparedness to declare any such limitation. Knowledge management in the London Ambulance Service The London Analysts Support site team (LASS) developed a dataset in consultation with the London Ambulance to ensure that their data is of good quality and suitable for crime analysis purposes. The team work with the London Ambulance Service to extract data suitable for crime analysis professionals there by making the service delivery of the London Ambulance faster and continuous (data.london.gov.uk). The support team identify incidents of assaults injury via a fairly sophisticated search through various codes and descriptions of incidents that occur in the process of responding to a 999 call. Although the information extracted from this group is highly important in identifying and tracking crimes, it is assumed to be secondary compared to the need to record accurate medical information. Hence, this could result to minor variations in the accuracy of the data over time and in different areas in London. Experts in crime analysis utilize the data collated to scan for issues, patterns and trends in general violent crime in London and carry out comparisons and variations with traditional sources of intelligence such as recorded data from the police (data.london.gov.uk). London Ambulance services together with other government agencies such as the police work together to ensure that information are securely shared to protect vulnerable adults, and to ensure that any signs of abuse are reported and investigated immediately in such a way that there is less risk of signs of abuse being missed. They do this by encouraging people to inform authorities of abuse, sharing information and investigating reports and incidents where necessary (redbridge.gov.uk/cms/news_and_events/latest_news/2011/april_2011/organisations_join_forces_to_p.aspx).   Through this cooperative effort, necessary information are efficiently managed and shared whenever cases of emergency occurs and helps in the deployment of necessary solutions to different cases. Information Management Structure within the ambulance complexes Information sharing is the key instrument that enhances the operation of the London Ambulance Services. The information management of each local ambulance station complex is controlled by the local authority and PCT area. An information sharing network is used to pass information urgently to assist various units’ representatives to access support in all cases as they arise. Through information sharing, local authority social services, primary care, mental health and acute trusts and other relevant agencies are networked so as to establish a regular forum to enable specific is plans. This forum enables health and social care workers to advice the London Ambulance crew of any patients that may be posing similar problems to the receptive agencies, and hence could enhance the setting up of an appropriate care pathway. In some cases, a conference may be held in order to get the patients to understand property their health situations. This is often done by the London Ambulance Services via writing notification to patient, carer and advocate inviting them to participate in the conference, and during the process, all the clinical issues will be resolved. A case with the London Ambulance Services In bid to increase the efficiency in the delivery of her duties to the large population in London, the London Ambulance Service introduced the Computer Aided Dispatch system to deliver that goal. This dispatch systems was hoped to stand out as it was highly innovative system that fully command and control functions of the LAS starting from the receipt of emergency call at the control centre, through decisions on which ambulance to allocate to the call, and to mobilize appropriate resources (Howcroft and Trauth, 2005). In this design, the call details would be captured online and tracking devices would be fitted to ambulances so that their locations could be monitored continually to enhance information flow via electronic link room to the control centre, and then to either mobile data terminal or printers on ambulance stations (Hall, et.al. 2007). This computerized despatch system was designed by System Options to increase the service delivery of the London Ambulance Service and was launched into operation on October 26th, 1992. This despatch system lasted just for few hours and then crashed because it was not capable of handling the information loads being placed on it, a problem being blamed on inadequate knowledge management parameter such as system thinking, as the staff and management were in continual conflict over information hoarding (Howcroft and Trauth, 2005; Dutton and Peltu 1996). Some of the problems the despatch system encountered included: lack of confidence in the system being able to automatically locate vehicle locations by staff both within Central Ambulance Control and ambulance crews due to lack of adequate training. Other problems identified were failure of calls to reach ambulances, failure to identify duplicate calls, poor prioritization of error messages, and loss of calls in the system (Day, 2002; cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Finkelstein/las/lascase0.9.pdf). All these problems made the system to close down the next day leading the London Ambulance Services to revert to semi-manual operation (Day, 2002). An inquiry which was ordered to determine the cause of the crash revealed that the system was very complex, making it difficult for any software house to develop a suitable solution (Day, 2002). Besides, System Options had good reputation but lacked sufficient experience for designing or developing packages for safety-critical command-and-control system, otherwise they would have identified the risk and plan measures to avoid it, or to ensure an effective action (Day, 2002; Duquenoy, et. al. 2007; and Clarke, 2001).   The finding of the inquiry team also revealed that the CAD software was incomplete, not properly tuned and not fully tested (cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Finkelstein/las/lascase0.9.pdf). The failure of the dispatch system was also blamed on the inadequate training given to the operators and inadequate testing of the system according to a press release in 1993.   During the training of the staff that was carried out in line with the operation of the despatch system, the ambulance crew and the central control crew staff were trained separately in different rooms which did not lead to proper working relationship between the pair (Mantas, 2004). The report of the press release about the staff training reads:   â€Å"Much of the training was carried out well in advance of the originally planned implementation date and hence there was a significant â€Å"skills decay† between then and when staff were eventually required to use the system. There were also doubts over the quality of the training provided, whether by the Systems Options or the LAS’s own Work Based Trainers (WBTs) (Mantas, 2004). This training was not always comprehensive and was often inconsistent.   The problem was exacerbated by the constant changes being made to the system (Mantas, 2004).   It was also reported that one of the reason for the failure of the London Ambulance Computer Aided Dispatch attributed to the complexity inherent in the system design which was intentional as those in charge of the system development activities had wanted to be in control of all possible outcome (Khosrowpour, 2003).   Besides, top management hoped to bypass the union, and also replace the controllers so as to reduce cost. For this reason, the staff of the union were not involved in the development of the system which resulted to the leaving behind the input of people who were most experienced with the way the ambulance service worked (Macauley, 1996; Rowbotham, et al. 2007). Strategies to prevent future Crises in the London Ambulance Services According to the document submitted by the London Ambulance Service NHS Trust (Wp85) published by the Department of Health in June 2005, outlined a vision of where NHS ambulance services should be within the next five years: Providing significantly more clinical advice to callers and work in a more integrated way with partner organisations; Providing and coordinating an increasing range of mobile healthcare services for patients who need urgent care; Continuing to improve the quality of services to patients with emergency care needs; Providing an increasing range of other services in primary care, diagnostic and healthcare promotion. In order to achieve the above vision, education and development needs for the ambulance service workforce has been redesigned including all the training courses to enable the service to cater for the need of the 800,000 patients it attends to each year (House of Commons Health Committee Report, 2006-7). This is why a school of thought has argued that systems thinking such as soft systems thinking could be a way of conceptualising the social processes in which a particular group of people in an organization can conceptualize their plans and actions they intend to undertake (Wickramasinghe, et al. 2009). This kind of basic thinking relevant to the provision of information systems may not have been properly applied in the provision of the London Ambulance Service Computer Aided Despatch system that failed. According to Currie and Galliers (1999), in order to ensure proper knowledge management and information sharing, any development of a strategy for the future computer aided dispatch within the London Ambulance Service (LAS) must involve a full process of consultation between management, staff, trade union representatives and the Service’s information technology advisers. It may be appropriate to establish a wider consultative panel involving experts in CAD from other ambulance services, the police and fire brigade. cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Finkelstein/las/lascase0.9.pdf. It is necessary that the geographical, social and political environment in which the London Ambulance Service operates in the delivery of her valued services be adequately carried along in the information sharing and information management of both the LAS management and staff via organizing of regular and open consultation with staff representatives (cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Finkelstein/las/lascase0.9.pdf). Furthermore, regular training for the staff of the London ambulance Services on the use of modern IT infrastructure that relates to their service delivery could be done regularly to enable the members of staff to keep abreast of all the updated information regarding the efficient delivery of their duties. This is because; an organisation that encourages learning among its staff promotes exchange of information between employees thus creating a more knowledgeable workforce. In addition, IT contributes to knowledge capture, information distribution, and information interpretation. Conclusion    Information is power, and as such, few people in an organization would like to monopolize it instead of sharing it to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge. Information flows are up, down, and across the organization as information is collected, shared, communicated, and debated (Rescher, 2003). Therefore, information sharing should be encouraged in the operations of the London Ambulance service as this will empower all the staff to be more productive in delivering their duties, and will avert any disaster in future when the organisation considers the design of another despatch system. It is a clear fact that computer-based information systems are essential to the operation of modern businesses especially in all transaction that entails the production of large information in an organization like the London Ambulance Service. Information diffusion means the degree of information sharing within an organization (Simons, 1995). Hence, in the case of the London Ambulance Services, information diffusion should be high so as to maintain free flow of information to everyone in the organization and not hoarding it or making it only available to selected few individuals. Recommendation Information sharing can be viewed as a firm’s willingness to share key information that is timely, accurate, responsive and useful with its staff, associated partners and final consumers of her services. Some of these ingredients of professional knowledge management were not adequately utilized in the circumstances that led to the failure of the London Ambulance dispatch systems. In subsequent future design of a CAD despatch system that will work, the LAS management or any other company that will be used, and the London Ambulance should consider conducting adequate training of all their staff as part of the product development and implementation cycle. System Options was reported to have had no previous knowledge of building despatch systems for ambulance services (Beynon-Davies, 1995), and as such should have not accepted the offer as it falls outside their professional competence especially as there was strict deadline to deliver the contract. Again, the Inquiry report findings reveal that System Options did not used PRINCE project management method which is the acceptable method for managing public sector projects, and the team had no previous project management experience (Duquenoy, 2007). This means that there was no proper knowledge management on the side of the London Ambulance Service as LAS should have ensured adequate project management experience of its contractor. System Options failed to properly apply proper system thinking techniques as it relates to realizing the CAD project within the proposed deadline. They entered the agreement and could not opt out as that would have been unprofessional (Beynon-Davies, 1995).   It is recommended that for a successful professional service delivery, CAD or IT/IS providing firms should maintain a cordial information and time management relationship with its clients. In the case of System Options and LAS, System option should have informed the client of their concerns over the short time frame. Beynon-Davies (1995) identified the issues of poor testing and quality assurance of the despatch system. System Options should have followed the rule of professional system development and implementation ethics which comprises of testing, quality assurance and proper training of all staff involved in the design and final use of the product. REFERENCES Aykin, N. (2007) Usability and internationalization:  Second International Conference on Usability and Internationalization, UI-HCII 2007, held as part of HCI International 2007, Beijing, China, July 22-27, 2007: proceedings, Part 2. China: Springer. Baskerville, R., Stage, J., and DeGross, J. I. 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