Solution for the Decline of Circulation of Newspaper

Papers face hardened rivalry against different mediums that communicate news, for example, the TV, the radio, and the greatest rivalry, the World Wide Web. With the quick headway in innovation, news no longer should be seen inactively. Electronic organizations are obliging the quick paced and occupied ways of life of Americans; subsequently, making gadgets that are versatile and advantageous for getting the news. New innovation, for example, tablet PCs, digital book perusers, and advanced mobile phones are supplanting the manner in which we have been getting the news. In any case, these new gadgets can't supplant the value of claiming a printed version. On the off chance that the conventional printing of paper was to proceed, what should be done is essentially joining innovation and printed paper as one medium, in doing as such, we can likewise elevate free memberships to perceive how much achievement this thought can go. Paper and online assets both have segments that are deficient. â€Å"The paper industry has changed significantly and there is no uncertainty that we’ll keep on observing an adjustment in the print of paper. In any case, there are some intriguing open doors that ought to be centered around and that is: conveying substance to perusers in the favored medium, producing new techniques for publicizing that are increasingly applicable for the shopper and viable for the sponsor, controlling expenses for the paper distributer. † (Peck) Seeing that the decrease in paper deals turned into a well known pattern over many years of time, I might want to propose an answer for the difficult that would move toward news in an alternate and powerful manner. This thought is insert computerized parts inside the paper itself. For instance, â€Å"Touch delicate screens, sound and video players which would be water verification, adaptable, stun confirmation and have a better than average quality. † (Mahaptra, Kumar) The thought is have paper and peruser connection. Contact screens of reasonable measurements with streak memory that would be pre-modified and sewed into the paper. A client would simply need to contact the screen to get whatever picture is being depicted. Additionally, installing a sound player would be customized to peruse out a specific news determination. This thought is like the film scenes in the Harry Potter arrangement where an individual is perusing a paper that depicts content as the format of pictures change mystically. For this situation, for my answer is decipher the pictures carefully. This thought is progressive and inventive just as an imaginative way to deal with conveying content in light of a legitimate concern for clients. This would be the nearest approach to keep inside custom of the printed paper and thusly remunerating the requests of the â€Å"fast-paced and occupied ways of life of Americans. â€Å"News should be more sensitive to perusers' very own needs and this implies writers moving from ‘wide crowd, low importance' stories (I. e. , little quake detailed in Peru) to ‘low crowd, high importance' stories. A paper's administration is to total and convey all the news that a peruser ought to be keen on that day. † (Crosbie) By doing so this administration would spare perusers time making it pro gressively conceivable in utilizing this methodology. It would spare them from looking through hundreds or even a great many articles on the world's latest news. With â€Å"The overall downturn of 2008, joined with the quick development of online other options, causing a genuine decrease in promoting and flow, the same number of papers close or pointedly conserve their tasks. † (Mahaptra, Kumar) It is this administration that ought to be accommodated which news organizations ought to have the option to create more noteworthy income and secure bigger readership today. The mass customization of paper releases applicable to every peruser's advantages is one of the numerous arrangements essential for the business to endure. Mechanical progression has been a snag for the paper business, yet the low dissemination rates likewise emerge from the people who rely upon the new innovation. These people are use to and love the word â€Å"free†, they don’t think they have to pay for content. â€Å"A arrangement that disregards this basic actuality is bound to come up short, paying little heed to innovation, programming or gadgets. This requires a social change, from both the papers and its readers†¦The objective is to change mentalities, modify conduct, and produce income in a feasible way (I. e. , make papers basically gainful). (Ritholtz) An incredible methodology is without advance memberships and later charging for nonstop memberships. This technique would require enrolling a record and giving Visa data. Thusly, people are permitted access to a heap of news stories. If not enlisted, people are just ready to see a specific measure of substance inside that article. This is like way to deal with online paper sites that post other scholars' article, and a buy is required to see the full exposition. Notwithstanding, the essential objective now isn't to create income, yet to get the open used to paying for content. This in urn will give authority over expense of paper and help to the decrease of paper course with the assistance of open media purchasers. There are numerous potential arrangements in impelling manners to fix the decrease of paper flow. All together for the paper business to flourish, we should think about innovation as another approach to adapt to the requests of people, consider people inclination for content, and consider that people and the business itself must cooperate roll out this improvement conceivable. Essentially, this will have that effect that can change the manner in which individuals read news and as yet keeping to convention of a printed paper.

How to Buy Dissertation - Why its So Important and Why You Shouldnt Skip This Step

How to Buy Dissertation - Why it's So Important and Why You Shouldn't Skip This StepDo you want to learn how to buy dissertation? You have probably heard this term before. The reason for that is that it's such a good title for an article that I had to put it in the title.Writing good content and not getting it published is a common problem that will pop up at some point during your career. In this article I am going to tell you how to buy the dissertation so that you don't have to put up with the same problems. In doing so, I am sure that you will get to write content like this:For instance, a writing program like Microsoft Word will have automatic resume generator called Word Resume Maker which will save you a lot of time and hassle. With these programs, you just need to type in a few words that you would like to insert into your dissertation proposal. After you have done that, Word Resume will automatically generate the resume format and this will make it much easier for you to sta rt editing your document.You will find that Word Resume and the automated resume are both free and they can both do much more than what you expect. You can see what the end result will be when you begin editing your dissertation. This is because all you will have to do is click on 'Create PDF' to have your dissertation finished. This process takes only a few minutes and then your dissertation will be ready for submission.In this article, I would like to show you how to buy dissertation. In order to do that, you need to make sure that you are smart about the format of your text document.You don't want to rely on word-processing software that is available for free. You don't want to include a lot of words and unnecessary information in your content because that will definitely hinder your ability to get that dissertation published. You also don't want to use grammar or spelling mistakes that you could easily edit out if you chose.To learn how to buy dissertation, the best thing to do is get hold of a high quality writing program like Microsoft Word and a comprehensive resume generator. Then you will have everything you need to get back to writing articles like this one.

How to Return Multiple Values From a Delphi Function

A most common construct in a Delphi application would be a procedure or a function. Known as routines, procedures or functions are statement blocks you call from different locations in a program. Simply put a procedure is a routine not returning a value while a function returns a value. A return value from a function is defined by the return type. In most cases you would write a function to return a single value that would be an integer, string, boolean or some other simple type, also return types could be an array, a string list, an instance of a custom object or alike. Note that even if your function returns a string list (a collection of strings) it still returns a single value: one instance of the string list. Further, Delphi routines can really have many faces: Routine, Method, Method Pointer, Event Delegate, Anonymous method... Can a Function Return Multiple Values? The first answer that comes to mind is no, simply because when we think of a function, we think of a single return value. Certainly, the answer to the above question is, however, yes. A function can return several values. Lets see how. Var Parameters How many values can the following function return, one or two? function PositiveReciprocal(const valueIn : integer; var valueOut : real): boolean; The function obviously returns a boolean value (true or false). How about the second parameter valueOut declared as a VAR (variable) parameter? Var parameters are passed to the function by reference meaning that if the function changes the value of the parameter—a variable in the calling block of code—the function will change the value of the variable used for the parameter. To see how the above works, heres the implementation: function PositiveReciprocal(const valueIn: integer; var valueOut: real): boolean;begin result : valueIn 0; if result then valueOut : 1 / valueIn;end; The valueIn is passed as a constant parameter—function cannot alter it, and it is treated as read-only. If valueIn or greater than zero, the valueOut parameter is assigned the reciprocal value of valueIn and the result of the function is true. If valueIn is 0 then the function returns false and valueOut is not altered in any way. Heres the usage: var b : boolean; r : real;begin r : 5; b : PositiveReciprocal(1, r); //here: // b true (since 1 0) // r 0.2 (1/5) r : 5; b : PositiveReciprocal(-1, r); //here: // b false (since -1 end; Therefore, the PositiveReciprocal actually can return 2 values! Using var parameters you can have a routine return more than one value. Out Parameters Theres another way to specify a by-reference parameter—using the out keyword, as in: function PositiveReciprocalOut(const valueIn: integer; out valueOut: real): boolean;begin result : valueIn 0; if result then valueOut : 1 / valueIn;end; The implementation of PositiveReciprocalOut is the same as in PositiveReciprocal, theres only one difference: the valueOut is an OUT parameter. With parameters declared as out, the initial value of the referenced variable valueOut is discarded. Heres the usage and the results: var b : boolean; r : real;begin r : 5; b : PositiveReciprocalOut(1, r); //here: // b true (since 1 0) // r 0.2 (1/5) r : 5; b : PositiveReciprocalOut(-1, r); //here: // b false (since -1 end; Note how in the second call the value of the local variable r is set to 0. The value of r was set to 5 before the function call but since the parameter in declared as out, when r reached the function the value was discarded and the default empty value was set for the parameter (0 for real type). As a result, you can safely send uninitialized variables for out parameters—something that you should not do with var parameters. Parameters are used to send something to the routine, except here with out parameters :), and therefore uninitialized variables (used for VAR parameters) could have weird values. Returning Records? The above implementations where a function would return more than one value are not nice. The function actually returns a single value, but also returns, better to say alters, the values of the var/out parameters. Because of this, you may very rarely want to use by-reference parameters. If more results from a function are required, you can have a function return a record type variable. Consider the following: type TLatitudeLongitude record Latitude: real; Longitude: real; end; and a hypothetical function: function WhereAmI(const townName : string) : TLatitudeLongitude; The function WhereAmI would return the Latitude and Longitude for a given town (city, area, ...). The implementation would be: function WhereAmI(const townName: string): TLatitudeLongitude;begin//use some service to locate townName, then assign function result: result.Latitude : 45.54; result.Longitude : 18.71;end; And here we have a function returning 2 real values. Ok, it does return 1 record, but this record has 2 fields. Note that you can have a very complex record mixing various types to be returned as a result of a function. Thats it. Therefore, yes, Delphi functions can return multiple values.

The Movie Departed Essay - 1326 Words

The Departed The movie I have chosen to do my project on is the movie â€Å" The Departed.† The characters play an important role in the movie showing various criminal acts that they chose to play out. In my essay I will talk about the crime that is being taken place in the movie, Merton theory on Anomie, Strain, and the Social, Cultural, Economic source of organized crime. I believe these theories define the characters personality in the movie. The movie â€Å" The Departed† is a movie about Two Boston State police Officers that both share different opinions about the law. The two are Undercover in the State Police, the one happens to be working with the Irish Mafia (Matt Damon) and the other happens to be a real undercover police officer†¦show more content†¦His Therapist was Madolyn (Vera Farmiga) it so happens to be that she has a connection with another police officer. She started a relationship with Collin Sullivan, and during her relationship with Mr. Sullivan; she had a brief interaction with Mr. Costigan. Mr. Sullivan isn’t totally out of the picture, as informant for Frank Costello and Boston State police officer. He was giving Frank Costello tips on when he was being watched, when he was being followed, and when the police were tapping into the mob organizations cell phones. Now in order for someone to give, you must received something in return. In return Mr. Costello was giving up people in his organization, and other illegal activities that were being taken place. It all seemed like Mr. Costello had everything planned out. The State police was put on his radar, since everything was going as planned he would be able to move his shipment of product. By the end Frank Costello organization was taken down, most of his associates were either dead or taken into custody. As For Mr. Costigan and Mr. Sullivan they both were still out for one another. Then, finally the two of them started talked to each other and everything that was going on the whole time started adding up, and it ended up ending in chaos. One of the theories I have chosen is Robert Merton’s â€Å" Anomie, Strain and Crime.† Merton believed that crime was rooted in the socialShow MoreRelatedMartin Scorseses The Departed Essays523 Words   |  3 Pages The Departed, a film written by William Monahan, Alan Mak, and Felix Chong, directed by Martin Scorsese, was in my opinion a spectacular crime-thriller deserving of less criticism from overly sentimental viewers. Though this film is in some scenes brutal and vicious, I praise Martin Scorsese’s refusal to cower away from the undeniable truth that organized crime in the United States is murderous in nature just to satisfy certain viewers as critics advocated he should. Being a four time Oscar winningRead MoreThe Departed And Infernal Affairs865 Words   |  4 Pagesfilms, it is safe to say that Infernal Affairs out-ranks the Departed by a substantial amount. The Departed is an American remake of the Chinese film Infernal Affairs. Both movies reveal the secret life of moles for a gang and the police force. Even though the Departed stays pretty close to the original screenplay, there are some differences that both add to each film and takes away from the plot. In all, besides th eir differences, the Departed and Infernal Affairs both create a thrilling story of theRead MoreHistorical Accuracy of Black Hawk Down687 Words   |  3 PagesAidid during the Battle of Mogadishu. It started on March 2001 and it was released January 18, 2002. During the real operation there was a dramatic change between it being a simple capture operation to it being a rescue mission that is shown in the movie. Black Hawk Down is historically accurate because the chronological sequence of the operation and rescue mission are correct. In early 1990 Somalia was going through a civil war. Their dictator Mohammed Farrah had order the closerRead MoreShutter Island Theory Essays1283 Words   |  6 Pagesmasterpiece, The Departed. The film was a huge success and swept the major awards at the Oscars that year, bring home such prizes as best picture and best director. The win cemented Scorsese as the greatest living filmmaker and he finally got the respect he deserves from the Academy. DiCaprio is one of the best actors of his generation. Titanic, The Aviator, and The Departed areall the evidence needed to securely place him in the upper pantheon of great actors. Expecting a quality movie from either ofRead MoreIn early 1990 Somalia was going through a civil war. Their dictator Mohammed Farrah had order the1500 Words   |  6 PagesTheir objective was the two top advisers of Mohammed that were to be untied at a meeting in the target building. Around 3:32pm, â€Å"a helicopter-borne team of U.S. Army special mission uni t members accompanied by Rangers, SEALs, and 24 STS personnel departed† the military base (Marion, pg. 36). The troops successfully capture the two main objectives, but were soon facing many problems when a black hawk was shot down in the middle of Mogadishu. Their mission had just taken a dramatic change into a rescueRead MoreAnalysis Of Goodfellas, Casino And The Departed1336 Words   |  6 Pages MARTIN SCORSESE A Comparative Analysis Goodfellas, Casino and The Departed Martin Charles Scorsese was born November 17, 1942. Suffering from asthma, he spent most of his time watching movies and by the time he was eight, he was already drawing his own storyboards that were directed/produced by himself. Although he considered going into priesthood, making movies was Scorsese’s true calling and he went on to make some of Hollywood’s most memorable films. Incorporating themes from hisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Goodfellas 1575 Words   |  7 PagesFamous director Martin Scorsese made history by directing two of the most prolific mob movies of all time, The Goodfellas (1990) and The Departed (2006). Both were nominated for Academy Awards; however, The Goodfellas lost the award, making The Departed Scorsese’s first Oscar winning movie. Although it lost the Academy Award, The Goodfellas was the most Oscar-worthy of the two movies based on it’s cinematic elements, like editing, camera movement, and effects, and its dram atic elements, such as actingRead MoreSummary Of All Souls By Michael Patrick Macdonald, And The Departed Essay1907 Words   |  8 PagesMichael Patrick MacDonald, and The Departed, directed by Martin Scorsese, display blatant rifts between different races and ethnicities. Racial differences and tensions between blacks and whites are highlighted and explored in All Souls, while the beginning of The Departed focuses mainly on the stories of two undercover cops on different sides with an emphasis on racial discrimination during this time. The organized crime leaders in both All Souls and The Departed seized and opportunity, and utilizedRead MoreCreative Writing About Shutter Island884 Words   |  4 Pagesfinish a Lynch film. I have the gall to call myself a film buff, and I haven’t many of these so-called masters. But this review isn’t about David Lynch, it’s about fast-talking film entrepreneur Martin Scorsese. And there’s been Taxi Driver, The Depar ted, Casino and now Shutter Island that I’ve seen. One thing I have been able to pick up from his movies, is that his subject matter tends to be either disconnected people from society or gangsters. Shutter Island is the former and I feel it’s a bitRead MoreEssay about Movie Review of The Fisher King576 Words   |  3 PagesMovie Review of The Fisher King Jack, a cynical Manhattan disc jockey plunges into a suicidal depression when one of his outrageous comments inspires a crazed listener to shoot seven people in a fashionable nightspot. Redemption comes in the form of a derelict, ex-history professor named Parry whose wife was one of those killed by the sniper. Parry heads a gang of loony homeless people in the search for what he believes to be the Holy Grail. Jack helps Parry in his

Poes Techniques free essay sample

Edgar Allen Poe was a great writer, writing many short stories and poems such as the â€Å"Cask of Amontillado†, but do you really know what happened in his pieces of literature?Poe wrote his words in a specific way for a specific reason. None of the words he used had no purpose. He used each and every one to create an eerie and suspenseful feeling in the minds of the reader. In his short stories, Poe uses suspense, dramatic irony, and imagery to create the mood he wants the reader to feel. Edgar used dramatic irony to create the atmosphere around â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. He would always think in his head what he would do and never out loud. We didn’t really know that he would kill Fortunato, but we did know he was planning revenge. One example being when he says â€Å"but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge†,(Poe 7). We will write a custom essay sample on Poes Techniques or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We know that Montresor, the person saying this, wants to have revenge on Fortunato, but Fortunato has no idea himself of Montresor’s plan. This is an example of the dramatic irony Poe uses. Poe’s use of dramatic irony is just one of the many ways that Poe creates suspense in his short stories. Poe uses a element called suspense to create the mood in his short story â€Å"The Black Cat†. One example of this element being used, was when the narrator grabbed Pluto, the cat, â€Å"I seized him; when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted a slight wound upon my hand†(Poe 28). This creates the suspenseful mood and feeling inside of the readers mind. It causes the person reading it to wonder what will happen next since we have just been given a few clues. This usually makes the reader just want to read more which is the goal of the author. Suspense is one of the many techniques used in â€Å"The Black Cat† and is one of the most important. Poe also uses the writing technique imagery to create the scene and mood of the short story â€Å"The Black Cat†. One example of imagery being used to create the mood is â€Å"I withdrew my arm from her grasp and buried the axe in her brain†(Poe 33). This piece of imagery gives the reader a horrible image of the narrator killing his wife. It just adds to the dark and horrific theme of the story. And as you read on, Poe adds on more and more imagery just like â€Å" tears streaming from my eyes†(Poe 29). This creates even more of asorrowful and horrific mood to the reader. Poe never wastes one piece of imagery to increase the feelings of the reader in the way he desires. Imagery, last of all, is one of the most commonly used elements in Poe’s stories and also, one of the most valuable. Poe used many techniques and elements to write his legendary short stories. He used all of them for a purpose and reason and never would waste a single sentence. Almost all of them leading to a horrific mood for the reader to feel. He may have used many types of techniques, but the following sentence cannot be denied. In his short stories, Poe uses suspense, dramatic irony, and imagery to create the mood he wants the reader to feel. Works Cited Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Black Cat.† Great Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe.New York, 1967. 26-36.

Who Rules America by G. William Domhoff an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Who Rules America by G. William Domhoff As it is reported by Domhoff, without privileging a Marxist understanding of class structure of the US, aristocracy turned to be a ruling class having disproportionate amount of evident control. The ruling class has consequential partitions among themselves and this has an impact on creation of two totally different political parties, they also have a solid level of class mind and share many values. The sociology of leadership technique is the tool that is used for proving this hypothesis as well as learning the social-economical descriptions of top-level members of influential institution, from 1932 to 1964 years. The present book is the one that provides the most sensible analyses that I have ever read on the authoritative stricture in America. Need essay sample on "Who Rules America by G. William Domhoff" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Domhoff starts his analysis with a commonly adopted, politically neutral characterization of social class. Domhoff determines the social class as a large group of people that freely become related with each other (Domhoff p. 4). He talks about institutions that have "elite" membership, that means that in these institutions rich people in roughly the top percentile and also admits that the access to such institutions is limited and being controlled thoroughly. For instance, the Social Register, this is how he calls the upper class statues, will require the proof of social acceptability in the form of a several letters from current members in order to accept and add a new member. Such limitations on the clubs of gentlemen, resorts and schools show that the group of wealth Americans treats each other as social equals and it is said that the group size can hardly be more than 0.5% of the population. "Despite their preponderant power within the federal government and the many useful policies it carries out for them, members of the power elite are constantly critical of government as an alleged enemy of freedom and economic growth. Although their wariness toward government is expressed in terms of a dislike for taxes and government regulations, I believe their underlying concern is that government could change the power relations in the private sphere by aiding average Americans through a number of different avenues: (1) creating government jobs for the unemployed; (2) making health, unemployment, and welfare benefits more generous; (3) helping employees gain greater workplace rights and protections; and (4) helping workers organize unions. All of these initiatives are opposed by members of the power elite because they would increase wages and taxes, but the deepest opposition is toward any government support for unions because unions are a potential organizational base for advoca ting the whole range of issues opposed by the corporate rich." A dominant aspect that makes the group exclusive is the tied-up values and social stratums. According to Domhoff, female associations, debutante balls and guilds function as "corralling the democratic inclinations of libidinal impulses" (Domhoff p.20), clubs and private schools train people to behave and think properly. On the other pages of the book, Domhoff disputes about the fact that the inadequate social mobility into the presented ruling class makes it difficult to navigate that the aspiring family inevitably accepts the old-rich values (Domhoff p. 30, 140). A social manager is involved in the process and arranges dinners with the right people. The social mobility that exists for sure, is very important for the survival of the class system. By co-opting "prominent members of dominated classes," the leaders of what could differently be opposition are neutralized. As a short digression from the topic, the ideological control performed by the ruling class universities is underestimated in the present book, though the subject of upper-class control of the main universities is broached in the book. While Domhoff was writing, the tenure system was the main obstacle that he encountered and he saw to complete control of schools, which has since been deprived. At the time, control was limited to sponsorship and service as trustees (Domhoff p.77). I suppose that Domhoff was not anxious abut schools performing the tasks of social management too much. The reason that I suspect so is because of the fact that he viewed a "traditional classical education" as perilous to the aristocracy, while the true antagonistic education was trade school (Domhoff p.78). After we see the straightforwardness (to say gently) of the ruling class, we should define whether or not there are separate pouches of elite in each city, or if it has national character. The clarity that Domhoff gives for it being state is school admission, multiple club membership, and intrastate intermarriage. If considered separately, this may seem to be a bit faint, nevertheless the further obviousness of interlocking leadership of corporations and other bodies undoubtedly proves that the governing class is not municipal. The next step in the reason is not as well studied as one would like it to be, because of the fact that "the ownership and control of major businesses is the most secret aspect of American society" (Domhoff p. 38). Yet, the information available is disgraceful. Evidently, most of associations (and institutions) are controlled by their board of management, a group of about 10-25 men who meet once or twice a month to make major resolves and appointments (p. 39). These directors are in majority representatives of the ruling class (most of the book consists of lists of these people and their bonds), and often are the members of 7-8 different boards (Domhoff p. 54). This is the substantial tool with which capitalism gained monopoly laws--the directors of major corporations and institutions are practically the same people, and a few wealthy families hold in their arms huge amounts of stock in many different companies, not just one. This virtually gives the ruling class more interest while supporting the whole economic system than they would have owning just the industry (Domhoff p. 40). The present book gives us the ray of hope showing the idea that nevertheless the ruling class merely controls every major body of power of the country, there are substantial philosophical differences among the members of this upper class and it resulted in a bipartisanship system. The author of the book consents to the idea that both parties are controlled by the same upper class, but at the same time adds to this that there are evident differences between the leaders of the parties and its members. As he says, "the leaders of the two parties have intra-class differences; the followers have inter-class and professional differences" (Domhoff p. 86). Also, owing to the lower campaign costs, at the time the Congress wasn't controlled by the ruling class, and the influence was only exerted by the standard lobby channels. References Domhoff William G. (1983) Who Rules America Now? Touchstone Books

Charles Loring Brace Essays

Charles Loring Brace Essays Charles Loring Brace Essay Charles Loring Brace Essay Charles Loring Brace Founder, Children’s Aid Society New York City Beth Boersma University of Georgia SOWK 6011 Fall, 2010 Introduction Charles Loring Brace is recognized as one of the founders of child welfare reform in the United States, particularly in the area of foster care and adoption. His work was conducted in the nineteenth century in New York City, in the midst of one of the most prolific eras of change in U. S. history. This paper will describe and summarize Brace’s background and the influences that led to his work, the impact of his work on the society of his time, the legacy of his work, and its influences on child welfare efforts today. Social Background Charles Loring Brace was born June 19, 1826 in Litchfield, Connecticut, described as a small but prosperous village, wholly lacking in urban luxury or vice, but providing its residents with something approaching urban levels of learning and culture. It was the home of the nation’s first law school†¦.. also the home of one of the first secondary schools for girls in the United States, the Litchfield Female Academy, graduates of which included Harriet Beecher Stowe and her sister Catherine Beecher† (O’Connor, 2001, p7). Charles was the second of four children born to John and Lucy Brace and, in the Puritan tradition of the time, he was primarily educated by his father. John Brace was a teacher at the Litchfield Female Academy, where he displayed a progressive slant on education by reforming the curriculum typically taught to girls to include more challenging subjects â€Å"including science, higher mathematics, logic and Latina curriculum that at the very least equaled that of most boys’ academies† (O’Connor, p. 8). Young Charles often sat in on his father’s classes and was undoubtedly influenced by the senior Brace’s feminist philosophy that female children should be educated on an equal level as males, in order to â€Å"improve woman’s ‘rank in society, placing her s the rational companion of man, not the slave of his pleasures or the victim of tyranny’† (O’Connor, p. 8). John Brace and his wife also believed strongly in the Calvinist traditions of duty, diligence, sacrifice, fortitude, and self-control and passed these values on to Charles. The Braces valued nature and Charles developed a strong connection between the beauty and grandeur of the outdoors and his related feelings of joy and immense satisfaction of being alive. Perhaps the most enduring value that Charles learned from his family was moral philosophy, or â€Å"the attempt to determine the nature of one’s obligation to one’s fellow man- and to God- and the attempt to discipline one’s character so as to fulfill that obligation to perfection†. (O’Connor, p. 18). Another early influences in Charles’ life was Horace Bushnell, a Congregational minister in Hartford, CT, where Charles and his family lived after John Brace took a position at the Hartford Female Seminary (founded by Catherine Beecher). Bushnell is â€Å"regarded by many as the most important American religious thinker of the nineteenth century† (O’Connor, p 18). Rev. Bushnell promoted the ideals of spiritual development throughout the lifespan, which was in direct opposition to Calvinistic beliefs of the innate depravity of humans from birth. This idea would deeply impact Charles’ later work. Charles entered Yale in 1942 at age sixteen and he proved to be an excellent student. At Yale, Charles became close friends with his roommate, John Olmsted, as well as John’s brother, Frederick Law Olmsted, the future architect and urban designer. During his years at Yale, which also included some time at the Yale Divinity School, Charles demonstrated a strong interest in philosophy and he explored a variety of the world’s religions and spent lots of time debating various issues and ideas with his friends and classmates. This led to Charles’ development of a set of beliefs that would guide his life’s work: First, despite the societal attitude that poverty and criminality were synonymous, Brace believed that a truly just system would see that â€Å"lawbreakers might have motives or other qualities that redeemed them, and that God cared less about human law than about romoting happiness† (O’Connor, p. 30). Second, Brace believed that the family was the primary method of shaping humans, as well as the tangible â€Å"image of God’s relationship to humanity: God was a father who loved His children and only wanted only their happiness† (O’Connor, p. 31). Brace went on to view G od’s father figure as trying to mold or improve the character of His children, a value that justified Brace’s efforts to use Christianity and Protestant values as the guiding principles in his work. After the death of his beloved sister, Emma, in 1850, Charles spent a few years travelling across Europe as a foreign correspondent for American newspapers after college and he also used this time to visit schools and other organizations that served the poor in Germany, Hungary, Ireland and England. One result of this time of exploration, observation and study was that Charles came to understand Protestant Christianity as the most advanced, and therefore most superior, guide to moral behavior. He viewed the improved social standing of women and advances in the care and treatment of children as the direct result of the influence of Christianity. Brace stated that â€Å"of all practical changes which Christianity has encouraged or commenced in the history of the world, this respect and value for children is the most important, as it affects the foundation of all society and government, and influences a far distant future† (Bullard, 2005, p. 31). Social Context Throughout Charles’ life thusfar, cities in America had been experiencing tremendous change. The Panic of 1837 had significant impact on levels of unemployment and homelessness, as well as a loss of faith in the idea that religion could be a primary means of change (Nelson, K, 1995, p. 57-58). Events such as the Astor Place riot (1849) and rampant outbreaks of disease caused citizens to believe that â€Å"the foundations of civilization were crumbling at their feet† (O’Connor, p. 42). Movement toward industrialization and urbanization, as well as the swell of immigration during this time contributed to unprecedented levels of population, crime, violence, and other social concerns such as drunkenness, prostitution and domestic violence. The transition from a primarily agricultural society to an industrial one, while beneficial in many aspects, was producing social problems that needed ways of being addressed. After completing his studies at Yale Charles, believing that he heard a call to the ministry, moved to New York City in 1848 to study at Union Theological Seminary. His friend, Frederick Law Olmsted, was already in New York and had written to Charles about his visions for the work they might do to impact the current circumstances of people in the city: â€Å"Throw your light on the paths in Politics and Social Improvement and encourage me to put my foot down and forwards. There’s a great work wants doing in this our generation, Charley- let’s off jacket and go about it† (O’Connor, 2001, p. 26). Upon arriving in New York City, Charles was shocked to see the levels of poverty in the city. Slums overflowed with immigrants and workers who had flocked to the factories that proliferated with the boom of industrialization. Working-class families lived on the edge of poverty; when they slipped over that line, their children were forced to supplement their parents’ income with what they could earn on the streets. Those from the most destitute families- ravaged by disease, alcoholism and violence- often never returned home. (Eviatar, 2001, p. 25). The prevailing response to the increasing numbers of street children was to place them in orphanages, prisons, asylums or indentured servitude. Members of the privileged Victorian upper classes viewed poor children primarily as future criminals and miscreants. Charles Loring Brace, however, saw these children a little differently: Although he thought there were some things that were truly ‘dangerous’ about this class of children (not only as future rioters and robbers but as voters who might elect presidents out of ignorant rage), Brace was one of the first public activists to recognize their authentic virtues and their tremendous potential for good. He truly liked the children he worked with, but more important, he respected them† (O’Connor, p. 78). Brace admired the self-deprecating humor, energy, independence, resolve, moral code, generosity and resourcefulness of the children of the streets. When Charles Darwin’s The Origin of the Species was published in 1859, Brace read it repeatedly and came to view these children, the survivors of â€Å"the struggle for existence† in the fiercest environments, as potentially the most evolutionarily advanced individuals in the nation. â€Å"The problem, as Brace saw it, was that the very environment that bred these robust and most characteristically American of Americans often led them to employ their natural abilities in the worst possible manner, with respect to both their own well-being and society’s† (O’Connor, p. 80). Contribution to Social Work In her textbook, A New History of Social Welfare, sixth edition, Phyllis Day describes Charles Loring Brace thusly: Brace believed that pauper families should be prevented from getting any kind of relief that would keep them together. His solution was to relocate children with families in the West, where they might learn the benefits of hard work in an untouched environment. For twenty years, haphazardly and without follow-up, often simply â€Å"taking† (kidnapping) children they felt were in need, agents loaded children on trains and shipped them to cities in the West, where they were â€Å"picked over† and chosen by families. Unfortunately, many families just wanted the extra help and badly mistreated the children. Many simply disappeared, either running away, getting lost, or dying (Day, 2009, p. 233). Upon further exploration, however, Brace actually had a much deeper desire to help further and deepen the lives of the street children of New York, and he made developing ways of assisting them the primary focus of his work. Brace worked in several settings in New York City (missions, almshouses, tenements, etc. in the early 1850s and honed his focus: â€Å"The way to save the children of the slums, then, and to allow the nation to benefit from their enormous potential, was to find a way to alter their environment so that their best qualities could thrive and become a boon rather than a curse. All of the early projects of the Children’s Aid Society would be attempts to modify the environment of poor children so as to replace the worst influences exerted on them with more â€Å"Christian† one s (O’Connor, p. 80). In January, 1853, Brace met with a group of concerned individuals to discuss these ideas and issues and they founded the Children’s Aid Society (CAS), with a goal of helping the children of the streets by â€Å"plac(ing) them in an environment where their most basic physical needs could be met and their own most healthy and virtuous impulses would make them want to improve themselves, to become the very best men and women they could be† (O’Connor, p. 82). Brace was selected as the leader of the organization, with responsibility for developing plans for the agency’s work as well as the marketing and advertising strategies that would support it. While Brace’s primary intent for the CAS was to follow his belief that Christian men had â€Å"a responsibility to God† to care for the less fortunate children, he also developed a method of appealing to wealthy New Yorkers, the potential financial backers, by showing the advantages of the CAS’ work in attempting to ensure that future society would be protected from the potential negative impact of leaving these children to their own devices on the streets. The CAS borrowed some ideas from existing social service agencies of the time, such as holding â€Å"Sunday meetings† and opening Industrial schools, which were designed to provide an opportunity for the street children to develop basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills, as well as to develop useful job training and trade skills that were of benefit to society. â€Å"Girls learned the ‘needle trades’ (sewing, and dress- and hat-making) and skills they could use as domestics (housecleaning, cooking, serving). Boys were taught such skills as carpentry and shoe- and box-making† (O’Connor, p. 86). Most of the children served were teenagers and the CAS treated them as competent individuals, capable of deciding on their own whether or not they wanted to participate in CAS services. The CAS did employ strong persuasive and evangelical techniques, in an effort to encourage participation, but did not force anyone to participate against their will. Unlike asylums, orphanages, houses of refuge and prisons, which attempted to reform poor children by submitting them to inflexible routines of training, religion and work, the CAS primarily attempted to shape children’s character through the choices it offered and the ‘unconscious influence’ exerted by its ostensibly virtuous staff. Brace believed, in fact, that the offering of choice itself was character-building because it encouraged autonomy and independence† (O’Connor, p. 87-88). The New York newsboys became the face of the children served by the CAS. Popular books by Charles Dickens and Horatio Alger had put the newsboys in the forefront of societal awareness and Charles Loring Brace viewed the newsboys as the personification of the strengths and qualities that he admired most about the children of the streets. The CAS opened the first Newsboys’ Lodging House in 1854, in order to provide reasonably-priced lodging as an option to sleeping on the streets. Residents of the lodging house were expected to pay six cents for a bed and four cents for a meal, in accordance with Brace’s beliefs in self-sufficiency and independence. The lodging house also provided various opportunities for children to engage in reading the Bible and learning about the Golden Rule and the love of God. However, as time passed, Brace saw the benefits of providing practical information and education to the children, such as financial management and educational skills, haircuts, and basic medical treatment. In the lodging houses children were, as Brace described it, â€Å"shaped to be honest and industrious citizens; here taught economy, good order, cleanliness, and morality; here Religion brings its powerful influences to bear upon them; and they are sent forth to begin courses of honest livelihood† (O’Connor, p. 93). As the railroads expanded West, Brace developed another option for assisting homeless children of the city. Expanding on the seeds planted by Rev. Bushnell in his youth, Brace came to believe that, as the moral and spiritual development of children had the potential to be impacted by all they came in contact with, facilitating the move of the street children to more â€Å"decent and properly Christian† environments would be the best way to preserve and enhance their character. By using his contacts with a railroad executive and patron of the CAS, Brace developed an â€Å"Emigration Plan†, in which children who were orphans or from destitute families could sign up for train transport West, towards placement with a new â€Å"family†. Brace strove to maintain the importance of the child’s independence and did not follow the â€Å"indenture† plan of earlier times, in which children were bound to their new family for a period of time in order to pay off debts related to their inclusion in that household. Under Brace’s plan, the CAS or the child’s family maintained guardianship and the relationship between the child and the placement family could be dissolved at any time if either party was dissatisfied. The child was expected to work as a member of the new family, in order to â€Å"pay† his/her way. The new family was expected to provide room and board, make arrangements for education of younger children, provide opportunities for the child to develop work skills and experiences, and provide them some money upon reaching age 21, at which time the child was expected to assume full independence and responsibility for himself. According to CAS archives, CAS moved an estimated â€Å"105,000 children between 1853 and the early 1930s† (O’Connor, p. 49) to the West. While the â€Å"orphan trains†, as they became known, were a massive undertaking, Brace also maintained focus on the local efforts in New York, opening the first Girls’ Lodging House in 1862 and continuing to work with the CAS until his death in 1890, consistently working to enhance the reputation of the CAS, as well as to provide support for children in need. Criticisms Critics of Brace have identified several issues with his work. Throughout the Orphan Train activity, there were consistent complaints that these efforts were, in fact, a move to proselytize Catholic youths (the majority of the street children) and to send them to Protestant families in the West, where they would lose connection with the faith of their ancestors. After Brace’s death, his sons took over the management of CAS and they actually took steps to focus efforts on Protestant children in order to decrease this criticism. Catholic children in need were the focus of Catholic-specific aid agencies. Another complaint was the lack of consistent record-keeping on the children served, especially those sent West. CAS did not take steps to verify the circumstances of children who showed up to take a train trip and there were many who were critical of the fact that some of the children who were sent away were, in fact, from intact functional families. A third issue for critics was that Brace appeared to be somewhat selective in the information that he made public regarding CAS’ work, apparently choosing to idealize the results and minimize the facts related to those whose cases did not end positively. The vast majority of the children who were sent West did not receive any follow-up; neither was there any screening mechanism to determine if placement families were actually upstanding people, or if they might be taking advantage of, or abusing, the children placed with them. In promotional writings, Brace frequently depicted the orphan train efforts as having very high success rates, but in actuality, â€Å"approximately 20 percent of records made under Brace’s stewardship are so incomplete that it is impossible to get any idea of how a child fared in his or her new home, and most of the remaining files are so fragmentary that conclusions based on them can only be educated guesses at best† (O’Connor, p. 49) Clay Gish (1999) identified another criticism that still affects child welfare efforts today: â€Å"One of Brace’s most enduring- and most problematic- legacies to modern social services is that he made it acceptable policy to intervene in the lives of the poor on the grounds of protecting their children† (Gish, p. 137). Summary Charles Loring Brace made many contributions to child welfare reform in the nineteenth century. As described by Howard Husock (2008), â€Å"the scale of what Brace did is stunning, especiall y for those who believe that only government can undertake large-scale efforts to help the poor. Over its first 27 years, the Children’s Aid Society provided temporary assistance and moral instruction to the 170,000 children who passed through its seven Lodging Houses. It also placed 50,000 orphans and other street children in homes in Michigan, Wisconsin and other points west, in order to bring them under the ‘healthy influence of family life’. And it established ’21 day schools’- vocational schools for older kids- ‘and 14 night schools, with an aggregate annual attendance of about 100,000 children† (Husock, p. 4). Husock continued: â€Å"In a manner now familiar, he (Brace) identified and described a social problem: child homelessness and its potential to fuel ‘the dangerous classes’. He established a freestanding organization, not linked, for instance, to any one church; assembled a board; successfully solicited thousands of donors; and brought together volunteers and paid staff† (p. 5). Brace arguably impacted the crime rates in New York City as a result of his work as well. A review of crime records in New York from 1861-1871 (O’Connor, p. 75) shows that, while the city’s population grew consistently, arrest rates for vagrancy and petty larceny (the primary crimes children were arrested for) decreased each year. Brace also positively affected the implementation of truancy laws in the city, through his consistent and vociferous support of compulsory education for all children. As time has passed and Brace’s work has been reviewed, many critiques and p roblems have been identified. However, when viewed in the context of nineteenth-century society, Brace’s work shows a progressive ideal that undoubtedly made a difference. The efforts had decidedly mixed results and certainly did not end in overwhelmingly positive outcomes for every child involved. However, research shows that Brace’s true intent did indeed appear to be to help those in need, in accordance with his personal religious mandate of having an obligation to do so. As a child who was adopted at birth, this writer can appreciate Brace’s efforts to facilitate the movement of children in need to more positive and family-oriented situations. I certainly feel for many of the children and families that were separated, whether as a direct result of Brace’s efforts or by some ther circumstance, as this was surely a heart-wrenching experience to have. Then again, I recognize that I am viewing these situations through a twenty-first century lens, which colors my perspective a bit. In the nineteenth century, children were expected to work and be contributors to the family’s well-being as opposed to current views of children a s â€Å"special† beings primarily in need of love and support in order to grow, develop and become productive and upstanding members of society. Charles Loring Brace lived during the beginnings of the shift in societal views on children and their roles. In review of his work, it appears that he did what he was capable of to make a difference in the lives of those he was called to serve.